Precision geronutrition: personalized nutritional strategies to extend healthy lifespan
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Aging is a multifactorial and heterogeneous biological process,where chronological age alone does not accurately reflect anindividual’s functional or physiological state. The emergingdiscipline of precision geronutrition integrates the principles ofgeroscience with precision nutrition, aiming to delay the onsetof age-related functional decline by modulating fundamentalmolecular mechanisms, such as nutrient-sensing pathways(mTOR, AMPK, and sirtuins), inflammaging, and oxidativestress. A major barrier to progress has been the absence ofvalidated biomarkers that can quantify biological aging andassess intervention efficacy. Recent advances in biologicalaging clocks, in particular DNA methylation–based epigeneticclocks, provide powerful tools to objectively measure biologicalage, and evaluate the impact of nutritional interventions. This review outlines the conceptual framework of precisiongeronutrition, highlights molecular targets relevant todietary modulation, and discusses the role of aging clocks astools for assessing biological aging in preventive and personalizednutrition. The integration of dynamic aging clocks intonutritional intervention frameworks will be essential to transitionfrom a disease-oriented model to a preventive, healthspancenteredparadigm. Future challenges include large-scaleclinical validation, standardization of aging biomarkers, costreduction, and translation into public health and clinicalapplications.
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial and heterogeneous biological process,where chronological age alone does not accurately reflect anindividual’s functional or physiological state. The emergingdiscipline of precision geronutrition integrates the principles ofgeroscience with precision nutrition, aiming to delay the onsetof age-related functional decline by modulating fundamentalmolecular mechanisms, such as nutrient-sensing pathways(mTOR, AMPK, and sirtuins), inflammaging, and oxidativestress. A major barrier to progress has been the absence ofvalidated biomarkers that can quantify biological aging andassess intervention efficacy. Recent advances in biologicalaging clocks, in particular DNA methylation–based epigeneticclocks, provide powerful tools to objectively measure biologicalage, and evaluate the impact of nutritional interventions. This review outlines the conceptual framework of precisiongeronutrition, highlights molecular targets relevant todietary modulation, and discusses the role of aging clocks astools for assessing biological aging in preventive and personalizednutrition. The integration of dynamic aging clocks intonutritional intervention frameworks will be essential to transitionfrom a disease-oriented model to a preventive, healthspancenteredparadigm. Future challenges include large-scaleclinical validation, standardization of aging biomarkers, costreduction, and translation into public health and clinicalapplications.