민족 기업가 정신의 공간적 확산: 서울 내 베트남 이주민의 음식점을 중심으로
Spatial Expansion of Ethnic Entrepreneurship: The Case of Vietnamese Immigrant-owned Restaurants in Seoul
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이 연구는 동족 집단 거주지 밖 주류사회에서 음식점을 창업한 서울의 베트남 이주민 사업가의 입지 선택 및 운영상의 특 징을 파악하고, 이를 출신국과 이주국 사이의 초국가적 연결이라는 맥락에서 해석했다. 기존 연구에서 이주민 사업가의 주 류사회 진출은 대개 동족 집단 밀집지에서 사업을 시작해 현지 사회에 적응하고, 경제적 지위 향상이 이뤄진 후 가능한 것 으로 설명해 왔다. 그러나 이 연구는 다양한 사회, 문화적 이유로 이주한 이주민은 교육, 취업, 결혼 등 주류사회에서 다양 한 경험을 통해 다른 방식으로 현지 사회에 적응하고, 이것이 자유로운 창업 입지 선택으로 이어질 수 있음을 보여 준다. 이 연구는 이러한 입지 선택이 출신국과 이주국 사이의 역동적인 초국가적 연결이라는 배경하에서 가능한 것으로 해석했 다. 한국과 베트남 양국 사이의 활발해진 교류는 한국에서 베트남 음식 수요의 확대를 불러왔고, 한국에 거주하는 베트남 인의 증가는 음식점 창업과 관련한 다양한 측면에서 한국인의 이런 수요에 대응할 수 있는 상황을 조성했다. 결과적으로 긴밀해진 양국 관계와 초국가적 연결은 서울에서 베트남 이주민 에스닉 음식점의 공간적 확산을 불러왔다.
Abstract
This study explores the location choices of Vietnamese immigrant restaurateurs who opened their first businesses beyond their ethnic bubbles in Seoul. Previous studies often explained that immigrant businesses tended to concentrate either in ethnic neighborhoods before expanding into mainstream society or initially started in disadvantaged minority neighborhoods within the host society. Our study, however, found that many Vietnamese immigrants chose neither ethnic nor poor neighborhoods for their very first restaurant businesses in Seoul. We argue that these Vietnamese restaurant owners have successfully adapted to the local society through a range of experiences, including education, employment, and marriage. As a result, they are able to exercise freedom in choosing the location for their businesses. Our study further examines the location choices of Vietnamese immigrant restaurateurs within the dynamic transnational connections between South Korea and Vietnam. The relationship between the two countries has progressed significantly, with Vietnamese immigrants constituting one of the largest immigrant groups in South Korea. Additionally, Vietnam has emerged as one of South Korea’s leading tourist and investment destinations. We demonstrate that the extensive exchanges in terms of people, culture, and economics between the two countries establish a solid foundation for the flourishing of ethnic entrepreneurship. Hence, we encourage future studies to look further into the emerging structures and forces, including the role of the bilateral relations between immigrant sending and receiving societies in shaping contemporary ethnic entrepreneurship.
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