유예된 주거: 중국의 건설노동자와 농민공 주거의 재생산
Suspension of Housing in the City: Construction Workers and Migrant Housing Conditions in China
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본 논문은 중국 톈진시 교외의 한 계획신도시에서 수행한 현장연구를 바탕으로 농민공 집단의 열악한 주거조건이 재생산되는 복잡한 과정에 주목한다. 기존 연구들은 도시지역에서 농민공들의 주변화된 위치가 주거조건에도 반영되어 왔다고주장하며 공공서비스에 대한 접근을 제한하는 호구체계의 문제를 지적해 왔다. 해당 신도시에서는 농민공들의 주거조건개선과 공공서비스 공급을 위해 건설노동자를 대상으로 공공기숙사를 공급해 왔지만 외부의 열악한 주거장소는 유지되고있었다. 본 연구에서는 오히려 농민공들의 존재 상태이자 삶의 전략인 유예가 이들의 열악한 주거조건이 재생산되는 중요한 기제라고 주장한다. 높은 이동성을 바탕으로 단기체류와 순환 이주를 반복하며 일상적인 삶을 유예해 온 건설노동자들에게 건설현장이 위치한 도시지역에서 더 나은 주거환경은 주요한 관심사가 아니었다. 오히려 건설업의 기숙사노동체제가구현하는 노동력 사용의 극대화와 효과적인 일상적 재생산은 건설노동자들에게도 합숙소의 조건을 평가하는 중요한 기준이었다. 건설 붐을 뒷받침해 온 중국 국가의 토지중심 발전 전략은 건설노동자들이 도시주택의 소유권을 통하여 더 나은미래에 대한 상상을 구체화하는 데에 기여함으로써 새로운 유예 조건의 형성에 영향을 미치고 있었다.
Abstract
This article highlights the dynamics of persisting migrant workers’ poor housing conditions in the city and is based on field research at a new town project in suburban Tianjin, China. Scholars have emphasized that migrant workers’ poor housing conditions are material embodiments of their marginalized positions in the city with the persistence of the hukou system preventing the migrants from access to public services. While the new town government has provided public dormitories for improving living conditions for migrant construction workers, their rough renting residence outside has been maintained in the new town. I argue that the state of suspension of migrant workers is rather important for reproducing their housing conditions in the city. Construction workers, as transient migrants who keep moving and conduct intensive labor, are not concerned about better living conditions in the urban areas where their construction sites are located. The workers prefer the rough housing conditions in the city for their convenience of the intensive use and efficient daily reproduction of their labor for the sake of their imagined better future. The recent landcentered development, which triggers the construction boom in China, also shapes their conditions of suspension in the city with their imagined future around pursuing urban home ownership near their hometown.
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