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요르단 선거 과정을 통해 살펴본 시민사회의 역동성

The Dynamics of Civil Society Observed Through the Jordanian Electoral Process

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주제분류사회과학일반

초록

그동안 정치학계에서 권위주의 국가들의 선거 효용성에 대해서는 꾸준히 논의되어 왔다. 권위주의 국가 선거는 결국 권위주의 체제의 정당성을 높이기 위한 수단에 불과하다는 입장과 선거를 통해 민주주의 절차적 학습이 이루어져 장기적으로는 정치 발전의 원동력이 된다는 두 가지 입장으로 나뉘어 열띤 논쟁이 이루어져 왔다. 요르단은 권위주의적 왕정 국가인동시에 다당제 의회 선거가 주기적으로 실시되고 있는 대표적인 경쟁적 권위주의 체제 중 하나이다. 요르단 시민들은 상대적으로 자신의 의지에 따라 투표를 할 수 있는 자유가 허용되는 것으로 평가된다. 이처럼 요르단 시민들의 정치적 참여가다른 메나 지역 국가와 비교했을 때 상대적으로 활발한 가운데 요르단 시민사회의 정치적 참여는 공식적인 의회 선거뿐만아니라 대학교 학생 위원회(Student Council) 선거를 통해서도 나타난다. 특히, 대학교 학생 위원회 선거 캠페인 과정은 정치 선거만큼이나 치열하고 선거 결과 또한 요르단 의회 선거 결과를 예측할 수 있는 예고편으로 평가되는 만큼 의미가 크다. 한편, 부족주의적 관행은 요르단 시민사회의 올바른 정치 참여를 저해하는 장애 요인으로 작용되어 온 것은 사실이다. 하지만 이러한 문제점을 인식하고 해결하고자 하는 시민사회의 새로운 움직임도 함께 목격되고 있다. 선거법을 개정한다거나 다원성을 주장하는 선거 캠페인 등이 함께 나타나고 있는 것이다. 여러 시행착오를 거치면서 더 낳은 정치로 나아가려는 시민사회의 움직임이 지속해서 등장하고 있다. 이에 따라, 본 연구에서는 요르단 시민사회가 다양한 선거 과정을 통해 보여준 정치 참여 양상을 분석하고 이를 통해 요르단 시민사회의 역량을 평가하고자 한다.

Abstract

The efficacy of elections in authoritarian regimes has remained a prominent topic of debate within political science scholarship. Two principal perspectives have shaped this discourse: one posits that elections in authoritarian systems serve primarily as instruments to consolidate regime legitimacy, while the other contends that such elections foster procedural learning of democratic norms and can, in the long run, function as catalysts for political development. Jordan represents a paradigmatic case of a competitive authoritarian regime, characterized by periodic multiparty parliamentary elections despite its status as an authoritarian monarchy. Jordanian citizens are often perceived as enjoying relatively greater freedom to vote in alignment with their political preferences compared to voters in other authoritarian contexts. From this perspective, political participation by Jordanian civil society is notably robust when contrasted with other countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. This engagement is evident not only in formal parliamentary elections but also in university student council elections. The significance of these student council elections is substantial, as the intensity of the campaigns mirrors that of national elections, and their outcomes are frequently regarded as predictive indicators of subsequent parliamentary election results. Nevertheless, tribalist practices have historically impeded genuine political participation within Jordanian civil society. However, emergent movements within civil society are now actively seeking to address and mitigate these challenges. These initiatives include campaigns advocating for the reform of electoral laws and the promotion of political pluralism. Despite numerous setbacks and iterative processes, civil society's efforts to advance the political landscape in Jordan remain persistent and continue to evolve. Accordingly, this study seeks to analyze the patterns of political parti- cipation exhibited by Jordanian civil society across various electoral pro- cesses and, through this analysis, assess the political capacity and potential of Jordanian civil society to contribute to broader political development.

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