시진핑 시대의 종교 지형을 아래로부터 이해하기: 종교중국화와 기독교를 중심으로
Understanding China’s Religious Landscape from Below: The Sinicization of Religion and Christianity in the Xi Jinping Era
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초록
본 연구는 시진핑 시대의 종교 지형의 변화 및 복잡함을 아래로부터 이해하는 것을 목적으로 하며 기독교를 중심으로 논 의를 진행한다. 시진핑 정부는 종교중국화 아젠다를 중심으로 강경한 종교 정책을 표방하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 종교중국화를 일관되고 고정된 의미를 지닌 국가 주도의 정책 담론이나 제도로 환원시키는 대신 매우 복잡하고 진 행 중인 과정으로 파악하고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 다양한 종교 행위자들이 당-국가가 공식적으로 발표한 종교중국 화 정책 및 중국화 담론에 어떻게 대응하는지를 살펴본다. 현재 많은 중국 교회들은 이전보다 억압적으로 변해가는 정치 적 환경 속에서 현실적인 생존의 방식을 찾기 위해 당-국가의 존재를 인정함과 동시에 교회의 탈정치성을 강조한다. 또한 지역 관료들과 꽌시를 형성하고 유지하고, 교회 조직을 재정비하며, 해외 단체들과의 교섭을 중단하는 등의 노력을 기울이 고 있다. 이러한 실천들은 지역 교회들이 다양한 사회정치적 성향을 지니고 있음을 방증하는 한편, 저항이나 복종이 아닌 다른 방식으로 종교적 행위자성이 발현될 수 있음을 보여 준다.
Abstract
This study takes a bottom-up approach to understand the changing religious landscape in contemporary China with a special focus on Christianity. Under the Xi Jinping regime, China has been enforcing the sinicization of religion, a political campaign imposing more restrictive regulations on religious practices. To understand the sinicization of religion as a complex and ongoing process rather than a state-only-driven project, this study draws attention to multiple voices in China’s churches. The implementation of religious policies and the responses of religious actors in the local context are far more complex and flexible than the national-level policy discourse implies. Many pastors and believers strive to find ways to adapt to an increasingly repressive environment. They consent to the presence of the Party, build guanxi with local authorities, depoliticize church activities, reshape church operational structures based on small units, and cut ties with foreign organizations. These coping strategies help local believers to present themselves as non-threatening to socio- political stability and to maximize the possibility of survival. The religious and political practices at the quotidian level demonstrate that religious agency can be enacted in ways that advocate neither complete resistance nor absolute obedience to the authoritarian regime.
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