중국의 정치와 종교에 대한 사회학적 일고찰: 시진핑의 '종교의 중국화' 정책을 중심으로
A Study on the Religion and Politics in China from the Perspective of Sociology: Centered on Xi Jinping’s Policy of ‘Sinicization of Religion’
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초록
본 연구는 시진핑 집권 이후 펼쳐진 '종교의 중국화' 정책에 대한 사회학적 해석을 목적으로 한다. '종교의 중국화'는 개혁 개방 이후 급속한 경제 성장을 이룬 중국 사회에서 시진핑 총서기와 중국공산당이 지닌 위기의식의 결과라 할 수 있다. 인민의 신장된 인권 의식과 민주화와 자유화 요구, 고위 관료와 당직자의 부정부패 등으로 중국공산당의 위상은 실추되기도 하였다. 이어진 이념적 공백과 새로운 의미체계로서의 신종교와 외래 종교의 급성장은 시진핑과 중국공산당으로 하여금 이념적 우위 확보의 필요를 절감하게 하였다. 이러한 위기 극복의 일환으로 시진핑은 모든 종교의 신앙체계와 실천이 중국적 성격을 반영해야 한다는 '종교의 중국화' 정책을 펼치면서 종교가 사회주의 핵심 가치를 수용하고 중국공산당의 지배에 순응할 것을 요구하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 시진핑의 '종교의 중국화' 정책의 특성과 실체를 살펴보기 위해, 먼저 중화인민공화국 건국 이후 시진핑 집권 이전까지 중국에서 펼쳐진 종교 정책을 역사적으로 검토하고, 그다음 '종교의 중국화' 의미와 배경을 살펴보고자 한다. 마지막으로 시진핑의 '종교의 중국화' 정책 지시에 따른 당정의 정책 시행 과정을 추적한다. 주로 시진핑의 연설, 국무원 산하 국가종교사무국이 공표한 법령이나 규제안 등의 문서를 중심으로 논의를 전개한다. 본 연구는 '종교의 중국화' 정책 실행 실태와 정책 실행에 대한 종교인과 종교 단체의 대응 등에 관한 연구의 선행 작업이라 할 수 있다.
Abstract
This study aims to analyze Xi Jinping’s policy of ‘sinicization of religion’ with the perspectives of sociology. ‘Sinicization of religion’ is a result of the sense of crisis held by General Secretary Xi Jinping and the Chinese Communist Party in China, which has achieved rapid economic growth since reform and opening up. The status of the Communist Party of China has been undermined due to the people's increased awareness of human rights, demands for democratization and liberalization, and corruption among high-ranking officials and party members. The continued ideological vacuum and the rapid growth of new and foreign religions with new meaning system have made Xi Jinping and the CCP feel the need to secure their ideological superiority. As part of overcoming this crisis, Xi Jinping implemented a policy of ‘sinicization of religion’ that all religions’ belief systems and practices should reflect Chinese characteristics, demanding that religions accept the core socialist values and conform to the rule of the Chinese Communist Party. In this study, in order to examine the characteristics and reality of Xi Jinping's 'sinicization of religion' policy, first, the policies implemented against religions from the founding of the People's Republic of China to the regime before Xi Jinping are reviewed historically. Then, the meaning of, and background of the advent of ‘sinicization of religion’ policy are discussed. Finally, the policy implementing process followed by Xi Jinping’s direction is traced. The discussion will mainly focus on documents such as Xi Jinping's speech and laws and regulations issued by the State Administration for Religious Affairs under the State Council. This study is a precedent work for the additional study on the actual situation of the implementation of the policy, and on the response of religious people and groups to the implementation of the policy.
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