불평등에 관한 발전국가 모델에 대한 평가: 한국 사례
An Evaluation of the Developmental State Model on Inequality: South Korea’s Case
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일본, 한국 및 대만과 같은 발전국가가 급속한 산업화 시기에 장기간 낮은 불평등을 유지했음에도 불구하고, 왜 1990년대이후에 불평등을 겪고 있는가? 특히 한국형 발전국가가 1990년대 이후 대기업 중심의 경제와 지역간 불균등 발전으로 인한 지방소멸과 같이 불평등의 증가를 겪는 이유는 무엇일까? 발전국가에서 1990년대 이후 저성장 시기에 불평등이 증가함에 따라 저출생이 심각한 위기로 등장하였고, 더욱이 한국에서는 지방소멸 위기가 심화하였다. 필자의 통합연구법은 급속한 산업화 시기에는 사회지출이 적은 취약한 복지제도에도 불구하고 발전국가 모델의 불완전한 재분배 기제가 장기적으로 낮은 불평등을 유지한 이유가 무엇이며, 그 시기 이후에는 불평등의 증가를 초래한 이유가 무엇인지를 고찰한다. 이는 노동을 배제한 채로 발전국가의 기업과의 협소하고 비대칭적인 동맹은 선진국 단계에서 자원배분의 제도적 효율성을도모하지 못함을 강조한다. 이러한 제도적 비효율성은 노동을 배제하는 것이 발전국가의 재분배 기제를 불완전하게 만들고, 국가와 대기업의 유착이 경제성장 잠재력을 위한 자원배분을 왜곡하기 때문에 발생한다. 지속 가능한 성장을 위한 발전국가의 완전한 (재)분배 공식은 경제민주화에 기초하며, 여기에는 토지 공유제[또는 토지공개념(土地公槪念)], 고용, 교육개선뿐만 아니라 보편적 복지국가와 수도권-비(非)수도권 간의 지방분권화도 포함된다. 따라서 경제민주화와 지방분권화는 불평등의 증가에 대응할 수 있는 국가역량을 제고할 것이다.
Abstract
Why have developmental states, such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, suffered from increasing inequality since the 1990s, despite the fact that they maintained long-term low inequality rates during their rapid industrialization periods? In particular, why has the Korean developmental state suffered an increase in inequality since the 1990s, such as an economy centered on large firms as well as local extinction due to unequal development between regions? In developmental states, as inequality increased during the low-growth period since the 1990s, low birth rates emerged as a serious crisis, and the crisis of local extinction intensified in Korea. My mixed-methods approach examines why incomplete redistribution mechanisms of the developmental state model maintained long-term low inequality despite weak welfare regimes with low social expenditures during the rapid industrialization period, and why they led to increasing inequality after that period. This study highlights how developmental states’ narrow, asymmetric alliance with firms but without labor will not promote institutional efficiency in resource allocation to the stage of developed economies. This institutional inefficiency occurs because the exclusion of labor makes developmental states’ redistribution mechanisms incomplete and because the collusion between the state and large firms distorts resource allocations for the potential of economic growth. For sustainable growth, the complete formula of (re)distribution by developmental states is based on economic democratization, which includes not only public land-ownership (or the public concept of land [土地公槪念]), employment, and educational improvement but also a universal welfare state and decentralization between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. Therefore, economic democratization and decentralization will enhance state capacities to reduce inequality.
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