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과테말라 국외입양 전개 과정 연구

The Development of a Transnational Adoption in Guatemala

박정준
사단법인 한국민족연구원 (Korea Research Center of Ethnology)|2017.09|민족연구 (Minjok Yeonku)|제70호|pp. 144-167

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참고문헌

키워드

국외입양Transnational adoption“실종”불법 입양과테말라 실종아동에 관한 진실장기 밀매 괴담Enforced disappearanceIllegal adoptionThe truth about missing childrenChild organ stealing rumour
주제분류기타사회과학

초록

세계 최대 규모의 국외 입양송출국인 과테말라에서 국외입양은 사회의 고질적병폐와 착종되어 왔다. 빈곤과 열악한 사회안전망, 확대 가족을 지탱시켜준 공동체붕괴, 선주민들의 궁핍, 아동 착취 상황은 국외 입양송출의 표면적 원인을 제공했다. 여기에 폭정의 시기 동안 자행된 실종 사건들은 국외 입양송출 실상을 은폐하는데 악용되기도 했다. 외국인 유괴 괴담이 한창이던 1980년대에 실종된 아동 중상당수는 기실 국외로 입양되었다. 당시 정부와 군에서는 진실을 은폐하며 무고한희생자를 양산했는데, 일부 과테말라인들은 외국인들과 자국 내 방외인들을 유괴범이나 장기밀매 사범으로 단정했다. 외국인 집단 공격이라는 후폭풍이 벌어진 데는36년간의 내전 기간에 자행된 제노사이드와 인권 유린으로 피폐해진 과테말라인들의상처가 있었다. 내전이 끝난 이후 불법 입양이 기승을 부리면서 과테말라 아동은여전한 위기에 처해 있다. 과테말라에서 국외입양의 제도화는 불법 입양이 활개를치는 것으로 귀결되었다. 오늘날 과테말라 아동이 처한 인권 침해는 아동의 권익을심대하게 침해하고 있다. 주요 입양송출국인 한국에서 과테말라의 사례를 교훈 삼아제도를 정비하는 노력이 요구된다.

Abstract

The transnational adoption in Guatemala is closely linked with its social phenomena. Poverty-stricken households, lack of social welfare, abortion restriction have resulted in large number of abandonment of children. Moreover, the decay of extended families in poor neighbourhoods in Guatemala often leads to adoption. Above mentioned phenomena are said to be explicit reasons why transnational adoptions are widespread in Guatemala. Illegal adoption is also prevalent in Guatemala. There are side effects of transnational adoption in Guatemala. Some foreigners in Guatemala in the 1980s were sometimes mistaken for “child kidnappers” by Guatemalans. This rumour has been bruited about for many years. However, in reality, “kidnapped children” had been placed into foreign families. Whereas, in Guatemala, Government vowed to put an end to illegal adoption in their country, but has failed as many times. Furthermore, many thousands of children have become adoptees owing to human trafficking and coercion after long civil war in Guatemala. In Guatemala, human rights abuses of children after numberless false rumours about their children’s wellbeing give rise to illegal adoptions and fear.

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