사무엘서의 문학적 성격 - 사무엘하 21:1-14을 중심으로 -
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사무엘서를 읽는 사람은 누구나 그 책이 일종의 역사기록이라는 인상을 받는다. 그러나 이 책에는 일반적인 역사기록에서 볼 수 없는 요소들 - 신의 등장, 신과 인간 및 인간과 인간 사이의 대화, 미래의 일에 대한 예언 등 - 이 나타나는 것 또한 사실이다. 이러한 이유로 인해 지금까지 학계에서 사무엘서의 문학적 성격에 대한 많은 논의가 있어왔다. 한편으로 학자들은 사무엘서가 ‘전설’이나 여흥을 위한 ‘이야기’들로 이루어져있다고 주장하기도 하고, 다른 한편 학자들은 사무엘서가 다윗에 대한 ‘정치적 선전물’이거나 실패한 이스라엘 왕정역사에 대한 신학적 성찰이란 의미에서의 ‘신학적 역사’라 주장하기도 한다. 그러나 이러한 견해들은 사무엘서에 묘사되고 있는 선지자와 그들의 메시지에 충분한 주의를 기울이지 않는다는 문제점을 안고 있다. 선지적 메시지가 사무엘서에서 얼마만큼 큰 비중을 차지하는가 하는 것은 사무엘서의 결론부인 사무엘하 21:1-14이 보여주는 바이기도 하다. 이 본문은 이스라엘의 초대 왕 사울이 야웨의 이름으로 맺어진 언약을 깬 결과 온 백성들에게 재난을 가져온 사실을 다루고 있다. 사실상 이러한 상황은 독자들로 하여금 왕정 도입당시 선지자 사무엘이 한 말을 상기하게 만든다(참고, 삼상 12:14-15). 말하자면 사무엘하 21:1-14에 묘사된 역사적 사건들은 사무엘이 전한 선지적 메시지의 성취에 해당한다는 것이다. 이와 같이 사무엘서가 이스라엘 초기 왕정시대의 다양한 사건들을 선지적 관점에서 조망하는 책이라면, 이 책에 가장 적합한 장르구분은 다름 아닌 ‘선지적 역사’일 것이다.
Abstract
At first glance, it appears that the book of Samuel is a certain kind of historiography dealing with some historical events occurred in ancient Israel. At the same time, it is also true that the book is replete with those elements uncommon to the usual history such as the appearance of deity, dialogues between humans and even between deity and human, predictions for the future, etc. For this reason, there has been much debate among scholars about the literary character of the Samuel book. It has been argued, on the one hand, that it consists of legends or stories for entertainment. On the other hand, it has been considered as a political propaganda for or against David, or as a theological history focusing on the failed history of ancient Israel’s monarchy. These theories, however, are not entirely satisfactory in that they do not pay proper attention to the prophets and their messages described in the book of Samuel. The extent to which the prophetic message is given weight in the Samuel book is clearly to be seen in 2 Samuel 21:1-14, a passage closing the whole book whereby giving important clues to the latter’s proper understanding. This passage shows that Saul, the first king of Israel, brought about a nationwide disaster because of his violation of the covenant solemnly sanctioned in Yahweh’s name. In fact, this reminds the readers of what the prophet Samuel said earlier when the kingship was first introduced in Israel (cf. 1 Sam. 12:14-15). That is, the historical events described in 2 Samuel 21:1-14 stand for the fulfillment of the prophetic message Samuel once proclaimed. Seen in this way, the Samuel book may best be classified as ‘prophetic history’ relating various historical events in Israel’s earlier monarchy in prophetic viewpoint.
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