17세기 뉴잉글랜드의 율법폐기논쟁이 제1차 대각성운동에 미친 영향---조나단 에드워즈의 칭의론을 중심으로
Antinomian Controversy in the Seventeenth-Century New England and the First Great Awakening---Focused on Jonathan Edwards' Doctrine of Justification
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이글은 17세기 뉴잉글랜드에서 일어났던 율법폐기론 논쟁과 그 영향을 받은 18세기 급진적 새빛파들의 이단적 주장에 대항해 제·1차 대각성운동을 이끌었던 조나단 에드워즈가 개혁신학적 입장에서 어떻게 이를 변호하였는지를 점검하고 그 교훈을 한국 교회에 적용하는 연구이다. 이를 위해 먼저 교회사에 나타난 율법폐기론의 발전을 고찰하는데 역사에 처음 나타난 율법폐기론의 모습은 초대교회의 이단이었던 말씨온과 몬타누스에게서 찾을 수 있으며 16세기에는 루터와 칼빈이 논쟁했던 요한 아그리콜라와 리버틴 파에게서 찾을 수 있다. 이어 17세기 뉴잉글랜드에서 율법폐기론 논쟁은 존 코튼의 성령의 은혜 역사에 대한 강조로부터 시작되었다. 이 코튼의 견해는 앤 헛친슨 부인에게 전달되었고 그녀는 성령의 직접계시를 주장하면서, 칭의는 성령의 내적 역사로 나타나는 것이기에 성화는 칭의의 참된 증거가 될 수 없다며 성화와 칭의의 관련성을 부인하였다. 그녀는 심지어 그리스도의 음성과 모세의 음성을 구별할 수 있다고까지 주장하면서 은혜의 시대에 율법은 이제 모두 폐기되었다고 하였다. 1637년 열린“헛친슨 대회”를 통해 헛친슨이 주장했던 율법폐기론은 모두 정죄되었다. 18세기를 살았던 조나단 에드워즈는 헛친슨의 주장을 따랐던 극단적 새빛파들과의 논쟁으로 인해 이 율법폐기론 논쟁에 관여되어졌다. 극단적 새빛파들에 의한 율법폐기론 사상에 반대하여 에드워즈는 성령의 직접 계시 사상을 부인하고 성경의 권위를 확보하였으며 참된 성도와 거짓 성도를 구별할 수 있다는 주장에 대해서도 이는 인간이 아닌 하나님만이 가진 능력임을 강조했다. 또한 칭의된 자는 참된 성도임을 자신의 삶을 통한 성화를 통해 입증되어야 한다고 하면서 칭의와 성화를 구별하지 않는 “이중 은혜”에 대한 개혁신학의 입장을 재확인하였다. 이처럼 에드워즈의 율법폐기논쟁은 현재 무분별한 성령운동으로 인해 여러 문제들과 씨름하는 한국교회에도 많은 신학적 교훈을 주고 있다.
Abstract
This article examines Jonathan Edwards's controversy with Antinomians in Eighteenth-Century New England. For this, we need to examine historical development of Antinomianism in church history. We can find out the origin of Antinomianism in Marcion and Montanus in the early church. In the sixteenth century, Reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin should have discussed with the contemporary Antinomians like Johann Agricola and the Libertines. In Seventeenth-Century New England, the Antinomian controversy was originated from John Cotton's view of the work of the Holy Spirit. Cotton's view were succeeded and elaborated by Mrs. Anne Hutchinson. Emphasizing the direct work of the Holy Spirit, Hutchinson argued that sanctification could not be claimed as one's first assurance of justification. She even maintained her ability to distinguish between the voice of Christ and the voice of Moses. In the Hutchinsonian synod(1637), Antinomians was condemned and excommunicated. Jonathan Edwards became involved in the Antinomian Controversy on account of the Radical New Lights who followed Hutchinson's teaching. Edwards rejected the direct revelation of the Holy Spirit and defended the usefulness of the law. As for the issue of the distinction between the true and false believers, Edwards maintained that God has not given his children certain ability to differentiate the true saints and the hypocrites. Also Edwards affirmed that the justified person would be a witness of a true Christianity by sanctification. Edwards's controversy with Antinomianism gives the lessons to the Korean church that has been confused by radical spiritual movement. To overcome a kind of Antinomianism in Korea, the usefulness of the law and 'Sola Scriptura' should be claimed in Reformed theology. Also we need to reaffirm the Reformed view of "double grace" that justification and sanctification must be distinguished but not separated.
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