본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

새 언약 공동체의 현현(顯現): 고린도전서의 “새 언약”(ἡ καινὴ διαθήκη)에 대한 고찰

The Manifestation of the New Covenant in Community: A Study of “New Covenant”(ἡ καινὴ διαθήκη) in the First Epistle to the Corinthians

조호형
한국개혁신학회 (Korea Reformed Theology Society)|2020.08|한국개혁신학 (Korea Reformed Theology)|제67권 |pp. 98-134|DOI 10.34271/krts.2020.67..98

0

조회

0

다운로드

2

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

Holy Spirit성령New Covenant그리스도의 죽음새 언약Lord’s Supper주의 만찬고린도 공동체예레미야 31:31-34the Corinthian Communitythe Death of ChristJeremiah 31:31-34

초록

성경에서 “언약” 사상은 중요한 주제 중 하나이다. 그러나 바울 서신의 경우, “언약”(‘디아떼케,’ διαθήκη)이라는 표현이 자주 등장하지 않기 때문에, 학자들은 ‘과연 언약 사상이 바울에게 중요한 신학적 주제였는지’ 흥미로운 질문을 던지곤 한다. 논문 지면의 한계 때문에, 이 문제를 자세하게 다룰 수 없지만, 이 주제에 얽힌 학자들의 이견(異見)을 간략하게 보여준 이후, ‘디아떼케’가 등장하는 문맥 안에서 그 의미를 살펴야 한다는 전제를 설정한다. 이 전제 위에서, 본 논문은 고린도전서 11:25에 등장하는 “디아떼케”가 함축하는 의미를 고찰한다. 이를 위해, 무엇보다도 이 표현이 속한 11:17-34에서 반복적으로 등장하는 단어들인 ‘쉬네르코마이’(συνέρχομαι)와 ‘에스띠오’(ἐσθίω), 그리고 ‘피노’(πίνω)를 살펴보고, 그 당시의 그리스-로마의 가옥(triclinium과 atrium) 안에서 부유한 신자들과 가난한 신자들이 주의 만찬을 위해 같은 시간과 장소에 모여, 도저히 칭찬할 수 없는 “분쟁”과 “파당”이 일어났음을 필자는 밝힌다. 비록 이 사건이 그 당시의 문화적인 관습에서 기인한 것이라고 할지라도, 이 사건은 관습 이상의 내용, 즉 영적인 공동체 안에서 일어나서는 안 되는 심각한 일이었다. 바울은 교회의 심각한 위기를 해결하기 위해, 주의 만찬을 기념하는 떡과 잔 의식에서 예수 그리스도가 하신 말씀을 상기시키면서, 이들의 모임은 예수의 죽음에 의해 맺어진 새 언약 공동체임을 드러낸다. 필자는 11:25의 새 언약이 예레미야 31:31-34에 언급된 새 언약의 성취이며, 고린도 교인들 각자 안에 내주한 성령을 암시한다고 주장한다. 더 나아가, 이들이 성령의 인도함을 따라 합당하게 행동해야 했음에도 불구하고, 새 언약 백성의 정체성에 적합하지 않은 모습으로 공동체를 분열시켰음을 필자는 드러낸다. 이러한 상황에서 고린도 교인들의 모임이 새 언약 공동체로 회복되기 위해, 바울은 두 가지를 권면하고 있음을 필자는 설명한다. 첫째, 이들은 영적인 공동체가 무엇인지 옳게 분별해야 한다(‘크리’[κρί-] 어군). 둘째, 이들은 양과 질이 다른 음식을 각기 다른 곳에서 먹지 말고(‘프로람바노,’ προλαμβάνω), 서로 환영하며 받아들여야 한다(‘에크데코마이,’ ἐκδέχομαι). 이렇게 고찰함으로써, 결론적으로 고린도전서의 “새 언약”의 함축적인 의미는 옛 언약인 시내산 언약과 전혀 다른 것이며, 또한 예레미야 31:31-34에서 약속되고 예수 그리스도의 죽음에 의해 성취된 것이며, 신자들 안에 내주한 성령과 관련되어 있음을 필자는 주장한다.

Abstract

The “covenant” is one of the important themes in the Bible. However, because of infrequency of the expression “covenant” (διαθήκη) in the case of Paul’s epistles, scholars often ask, “Is the covenant thought really important to Paul?” Due to the limitations of the paper’s space, this issue cannot be dealt with in detail, but after briefly showing some scholars’ opinions on this subject, I establish the premise that its meaning should be examined in each context in which διαθήκη appears. The goal of this study is to find the implication of διαθήκη in 1 Corinthians 11:25. To this end, above all, I investigate several words such as συνέρχομαι, ἐσθίω, and πίνω repeatedly appearing in 11:17-34 and illuminate the serious incident among the Corinthians in light of the Greco-Roman house structures (triclinium and atrium). Then, I reveal that rich and poor believers in the Corinthian community gathered together at the same time and place for the Lord’s Supper, and there were “divisions” and “factions” in the meeting that scarcely commend them. Although this case originated from the cultural customs of the time, for Paul, it was beyond the custom and a serious thing that should not happen in the spiritual community. To solve the serious crisis in the church, he reminds the Corinthians of Jesus Christ’s words at the bread and cup rituals celebrated at the Lord’s Supper. He also reveals that their gatherings are a new covenant community formed by Jesus’ death. Taking notice of the new covenant at 11:25 as the fulfillment of the new covenant mentioned at Jeremiah 31:31-34, I disclose that it implies the Holy Spirit who dwells within each of the Corinthians. For Paul, in spite of the fact that they had to live according to the guidance of the Holy Spirit, they had split the community regardless of the identity of the new covenant people. Paul encourages the Corinthian church to be restored as a new covenant community: first, they must rightly discern what the spiritual community is (κρί word group). Second, they should not eat (προλαμβάνω) foods of different quantity and quality in different places, and rather welcome and accept (ἐκδέχομαι) each other. With reasonable results above, I come to a conclusion that “new covenant” in 1 Corinthians implies: first, it is promised in Jeremiah 31:31-34 and fulfilled by the death of Jesus Christ. Second, it is different from the old covenant, Sinai. Third, it is related to the Holy Spirit dwelling in believers.

참고문헌 (84)

  1. 권연경, "옛 관점과 새 관점의 충돌 - 주석적 평가와 제안", 한국개혁신학, 28, pp.81~116 (2010), 한국개혁신학회[DOI]
  2. 김병훈, "율법주의, 언약적 율법주의, 은혜언약 - ‘바울의 새 관점들’의 신학적 소재(所在)?", 한국개혁신학, 28, pp.117~153 (2010), 한국개혁신학회[DOI]
  3. 김철홍, "바울신학의 새 관점 비판: 바울복음의 기원-칭의론과 최후의 심판론을 중심으로-", 신약연구, 12(4), pp.838~874 (2013), 한국복음주의신약학회[DOI]
  4. 이은선, "바울의 새 관점(New Perspective on Paul)의 이신칭의에 대한 비판 - 톰 라이트(Tom Wright)와 존 칼빈(John Calvin)의 비교를 중심으로", 한국개혁신학, 28, pp.154~178 (2010), 한국개혁신학회[DOI]
  5. 최갑종, "바울에 대한 “새 관점”, 무엇이 문제인가?", 한국개혁신학, 28, pp.35~80 (2010), 한국개혁신학회[DOI]
  6. Abbott-Smith, G., "A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament" (1922), Charles Scribner’s Sons
  7. Adeyẹmi, Fẹmi, "What is the New Covenant ‘Law’ in Jeremiah 31:33?", Bibliotheca Sacra, 163, pp.312~321 (2006)
  8. Anderson, B. W., "The Old Testament Christian Faith: A Theological Discussion", pp.225~242 (1963), Harper & Row
  9. Barrett, C. K., "A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians. HNTC" (1968), Harper & Row
  10. Barrett, C. K., "A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. International Critical Commentary" (2004), T&T Clark
  11. Beale, G. K., "The Overstated ‘New’ Perspective?", Bulletin for Biblical Research, 19, pp.85~94 (2009)
  12. Blomberg, Craig, "1 Corinthians. The NIV Application Commentary" (1994), Zondervan Publishing House
  13. Bright, John, "An Exercise in Hermeneutics: Jeremiah 31:31-34", Int, 20, pp.188~210 (1966)
  14. Bruce, F. F., "1 and 2 Corinthians. New Century Bible" (1971), Oliphants
  15. Campbell, Constantine R., "Paul and Union with Christ: An Exegetical and Theological Study" (2015), Zondervan Academic
  16. Carson, D. A., "Justification and Variegated Nomism: The Complexities of Second Temple Judaism. Vol 1" (2001), Mohr Siebeck; Baker Academic
  17. Carson, D. A., "Justification and Variegated Nomism: The Paradoxes of Paul. Vol 2" (2004), Mohr Siebeck; Baker Academic
  18. 조호형, "A Study of Prolambanō and Ekdechomai from a Socio-Historical-Cultural Context: 1 Corinthians 11:17-34 Revisited", Canon&Culture(캐논앤컬처), 10(1), pp.227~254 (2016), 한국신학정보연구원
  19. Ciampa, Roy E., "The First Letter to the Corinthians. Pillar New Testament Commentary" (2010), Eerdmans
  20. Conzelmann, Hans, "1 Corinthians" (1975), Fortress Press
  21. Das, A. Andrew, "Paul, the Law, and the Covenant" (2001), Baker Academic
  22. Das, A. Andrew, "1 Corinthians 11:17-34 Revisited", Concordia Theological Quarterly, 62, pp.187~208 (1998)
  23. Dunn, James D. G., "Baptism in the Holy Spirit. Study in Bible Theology" (1970), S. C. M. Press
  24. Dunn, James D. G., "The New Perspective on Paul", pp.423~439 (2005), Mohr Siebeck
  25. Eichrodt, Walther, "Theologie des Alten Testaments" (1933), Evangelische Verlagsanstalt
  26. Fee, Gordon D., "The First Epistle to the Corinthians. The New International Commentary on the New Testament" (1987), Eerdmans
  27. Fitzmyer, J. A., "Luke" (1985), Doubleday
  28. Garland, David E., "1 Corinthians. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament" (2003), Baker Academic
  29. Gordon, T. David, "the review of “The Climax of the Covenant: Christ and the Law in Pauline Theology”", Westminster Theological Journal, 56, pp.197~201 (1994)
  30. Grabbe, Lester L., "The Concept of Covenant in the Second Temple Period", pp.251~266 (2003), Brill
  31. Hahn, Scott W., "Kinship By Covenant: A Canonical Approach to the Fulfillment of God’s Saving Promises. The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library" (2019), Yale University Press
  32. Harrison, R. K., "Jeremiah and Lamentations: An Introduction and Commentary. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries" (1973), InterVarsity Press
  33. Hasel, Gerhard F., "Old Testament Theology: Basic Issues in the Current Debate" (1972), Eerdmans
  34. Hays, Richard B., "First Corinthians. Interpretation" (1997), John Knox
  35. Holladay, Carl R., "The First Letter of Paul to the Corinthians. Living Word Commentary" (1979), Sweet Publishing
  36. Holmgren, Frederick, "A New Covenant? For Whom", The Covenant Quarterly, 43, pp.39~44 (1985)
  37. Horrell, D. G., "The Social Ethos of the Corinthian Correpondence: Interests and Ideology from 1 Corinthians to 1 Clement. Studies of the New Testament and Its World" (1996), T&T Clark
  38. Huey, F. B., "Jeremiah, Lamentations. New American Commentary" (1993), Broadman & Holman Publishers
  39. Jeremias, Joachim, "The Eucharistic Words of Jesus" (1966), Scribner
  40. Johnson, Alan F., "1 Corinthians. The IVP New Testament Commentary Series" (2004), IVP Academic
  41. Kaiser, Walter Jr., "The Uses of the Old Testament in the New" (1985), Moody
  42. Kim, Lloyd, "Polemic in the Book of Hebrews: Anti-Semitism, Anti-Judaism, Supersessionism?" (2006), Pickwick Publications
  43. Lalleman, Hetty, "Jeremiah and Lamentations: An Introduction and Commentary. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries" (2013), Inter-Varsity Press
  44. Lampe, Peter, "The Eucharist: Identifying with Christ on the Cross", Interpretation, 48, pp.36~49 (1994)
  45. Lincoln, Andrew T., "Ephesians. Word Biblical Commentary" (1990), Word, Incorporated
  46. Marshall, I. Howard, "Last Supper and Lord’s Supper" (1980), Paternoster
  47. Marshall, I. Howard, "Acts: An Introduction and Commentary. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries" (1980), InterVarsity Press
  48. Metzger, Bruce M., "A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies’ Greek New Testament" (1975), United Bible Societies
  49. Montefiore, Claude G., "Judaism and St. Paul" (1914), Max Goschen
  50. Moo, Douglas J., "Five Views on Law and Gospel", pp.319~376 (1996), Zondervan
  51. Moo, Douglas J., "the review of “The Climax of the Covenant: Christ and the Law in Pauline Theology”", Journal of the Evangelical Theology Society, 39, pp.663~664 (1996)
  52. Moore, George Foote, "Christian Writers on Judaism", HTR, 14, pp.197~254 (1921)
  53. Morris, Leon, "1 Corinthians: An Introduction and Commentary. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries" (1985), InterVarsity Press
  54. Moulton, James Hope, "The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament" (1930), Hodder and Stoughton
  55. Murphy-O’Connor, J., "1 Corinthians. Doubleday Bible Commentaries" (1998), Doubleday
  56. Murphy-O’Connor, J., "St. Paul’s Corinth: Texts and Archaeology" (2002), Liturgical Press
  57. Neusner, Jacob, "Comparing Judaisms", History of Religions, 18, pp.177~191 (1978)
  58. Polhill, John B., "Acts. The New American Commentary" (1992), Broadman & Holman Publishers
  59. Prior, David, "The Message of 1 Corinthians: Life in the Local Church. The Bible Speaks Today" (1985), InterVarsity Press
  60. Robertson, Archibald, "A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the First Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians" (1925), C. Scribner
  61. Rosner, Brian S., "Paul and the Law: Keeping the Commandments of God" (2013), InterVarsity
  62. Sanders, E. P., "Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion" (1977), SCM; Fortress
  63. Schreiner, Thomas R., "The Law and Its Fulfillment: A Pauline Theology of Law" (1998), Baker Academic
  64. Schreiner, Thomas R., "40 Questions about Christians and Biblical Law" (2010), Kregel
  65. Seifrid, Mark A., "the review of “The Climax of the Covenant: Christ and the Law in Pauline Theology”", Review & Expositor, 90, pp.435~436 (1993)
  66. Seifrid, Mark A., "The Second Letter to the Corinthians. Pillar New Testament Commentary" (2014), Eerdmans; Apollos
  67. Smend, Rudolph, "Die Mitte des Alten Testaments" (1970), EVZ
  68. Smith, Barry D., "The Problem with the Observance of the Lord’s Supper in the Corinthian Church", Bulletin for Biblical Research, 20, pp.518~521 (2010)
  69. Snodgrass, Klyne, "Ephesians. The NIV Application Commentary" (1996), Zondervan
  70. Stott, John R. W., "God’s New Society: The Message of Ephesians. The Bible Speaks Today" (1979), InterVarsity Press
  71. Taylor, Mark, "1 Corinthians. The New American Commentary" (2014), B&H Publishing
  72. Thayer, Joseph Henry, "A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Being Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti" (1889), Harper & Brothers
  73. Theissen, Gerd, "The Social Setting of Pauline Christianity: Essays on Corinth" (1982), Fortress Press
  74. Thiselton, Anthony C., "The First Epistle to the Corinthians: A Commentary on the Greek Text. New International Greek Testament Commentary" (2000), Eerdmans
  75. Thompson, J. A., "The Book of Jeremiah" (1980), Eerdmans
  76. Turner, Nigel, "A Grammar of New Testament Greek" (1908), T&T Clark
  77. Wallis, Wilber B., "Irony in Jeremiah’s Prophecy of a New Covenant", Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, 12, pp.107~110 (1969)
  78. Wegner, Paul D., "Biblical Covenantalism" (2015), Wipf & Stock
  79. Weinfeld, M., "Jeremiah and the Spiritual Metamorphosis of Israel", Zeitschrift für die Altestestamentliche Wissenschaft, 88, pp.17~56 (1976)
  80. Winter, Bruce W., "Lord’s Supper at Corinth: An Alternative Reconstruction", Reformed Theological Review, 37, pp.73~82 (1978)
  81. Witherington, Ben, "Conflict and Community in Corinth: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary on 1 and 2 Corinthians" (1995), Eerdmans
  82. Wolff, H. W., "Confrontations with Prophets" (1983), Fortress
  83. Wright, N. T., "The New Testament and the People of God" (1992), Fortress
  84. Wright, N. T., "The Climax of the Covenant: Christ and the Law in Pauline Theology" (1991), Fortress

관련 논문AI추천

고린도전서 11:17-34를 통해 본 칭찬받는 고린도교회김현광한국복음주의신약학회 · 신약연구2020 · 제19권 제4호고린도전서 8-11장에 나타난 주의 만찬에 관한 연구문병하한국실천신학회 · 신학과 실천2011 · 제26호고린도전서에 나타난 바울 교회의 형성김규섭ACTS 신학연구소 · ACTS 신학저널2023 · 제58권 격차사회에서의 경제적 거래형태와 고린도교회 주의 만찬양승아한국실천신학회 · 신학과 실천2018 · 제61호성만찬적 에큐메니즘에 대한 연구: 신약성서와초기교회 성만찬을 중심으로이어진한국대학선교학회 · 대학과 선교2017 · 제34호고린도전서 5:1-13의 수치심 수사와 공동체 정체성 형성남궁영한국복음주의신학회 · 성경과 신학2025 · 제115권

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (6건)

복음전도자 김치선 박사의 신학김지훈pp. 8-55김치선의 총회신학교에서의 교육활동과 안양대학교 설립의 의의이은선pp. 56-97문화적 산물의 천국 유입에 대한 팀 켈러의 관점 연구이윤석pp. 135-168바이어하우스의 하나님 나라 사상과 에큐메니칼 유토피아 오류김은홍pp. 169-206네덜란드 기독교 미학의 관점을 통한 미술의 원리 -한스 로크마커의 미학론을 중심으로-안용준pp. 207-236
원문 보기