지상으로 내려 온 천국 – 무갈 샤자한 시대 정원의 상징성 –
Heaven descended to the earth Symbolism of Mughal Gardens during Shah Jahan’s Reign
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사막에 사는 이슬람인들에게 정원은 혹독한 기후에서 안락함을 주는 상징이었다. 후에는 이슬람 사후 종교관이 개입되면서 정원은 코란에 묘사된 천국의 모습을 지상에 구현해 내는 형식으로 그 상징성이 변화하였다. 인도에 진출한 무갈인들도 그 예외는 아니었다. 무갈 제국을 건설한 바부르 시기에 건설된 정원은 안락을 취하는 장소로써의 의미가 강했다. 그의 뒤를 이은 왕들이 건설한 정원은 종교적 개념이 본격적으로 도입되기 시작함으로써 그 의미가 확장 변형되기 시작하였다. 무덤정원에 종교적 개념이 본격적으로 도입된 시초는 델리에 건설된 후마윤 묘였다. 이후 시칸드라에 건설된 아크바르 묘를 거쳐 지상에 구현된 천국에 개념으로써의 정원의 상징성은 타지마할에 이르러 절정에 이르렀다. 한편 돌뿌르에서 시작된 쉼터로써 정원의 의미 역시 샤자한 시대 라호르에 건립된 샬리마르 정원에서 극대화되었다. 본 논문은 샤자한 시대에 조성된 무덤 정원과 쉼터로써의 정원의 의미와 형식을 분석 살펴 보고자 하였다.
Abstract
To Muslims living in the desert, the garden was a symbol of comfort in a harsh climate. Later, with the intervention of the view on death of Islam, the symbolism of the garden was changed into a form embodied on the earth as the image of heaven described in the Koran. The Mughals who came to India were no exception. The gardens built during the Babur’s reign were of great significance as a place to take comfort. In the gardens built by the kings who succeeded him religious concepts as a paradise were begun to be introduced. The beginning was Humayun’s tomb built in Delhi. The symbolism of the garden as a image of the heaven embodied on the ground through the Akbar mausoleum built in Sikandra reached its peak in Taj Mahal. On the other hand, the meaning of the garden as a shelter was maximized in the Shah Jahan period. This thesis analyzed the meaning and the form of the garden as a tomb garden and a shelter built in the Shah Jahan period.
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