왜 기술추격은 어려운가? - 한국 기계제어컴퓨터 사례
Why Catching Up is Difficult - the Case of the Computer for Controlling Machine Tool Operation
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지금까지 지난 20년간의 투자에도 불구하고 한국의 기계제어컴퓨터(수치제어장치)의 기술추격은 성공적이지 못한 결과를 가져왔다. 본 연구는 성공적이지 못한 산업을 분석하는 연구 틀을 개발하고 이를 바탕으로 수치제어 장치 사례를 설명하는 접근을 취한다. 이 연구 틀은 혁신활동이 기술체제와 시장특성에 따라 주어지는 조건 하에서 이루어지는 것으로 이해하는 연구 틀이다. 기술 및 시장의 특성이 혁신활동에 있어 불리한 조건을 부여하는 내용을 분석하고 이러한 조건하에서 이루어지는 혁신활동의 패턴을 설명하였다. 기술의 특성으로 말미암아 기술의 원천이 되는 지식에 접근하는데 있어 장애에 직면하고 시장의 특성으로 말미암아 선진국 기업 제품과 동일한 성능을 갖춘 제품을 만든다고 하더라도 시장 확보의 장애에 직면하게 된다. 한국 기업은 기술의 특성상 필요한 지식을 외국으로부터 접근하고 흡수하는 데 어려움이 있음에도 불구하고 자체적인 연구개발 노력 끝에 신제품을 개발하였는데 이는 기업내부에서의 성능 시험 결과는 ‘성공적’이었으나 사용자 환경에서의 성능은 성공적이지 못하였다. 이는 수치제어 장치 개발에 필요한 지식 가운데 판매 경험을 통해서만 축적되는 두 가지 지식, 성능 신뢰성획득을 위한 지식과 고객화를 위한 지식, 이 있기 때문이다. 본 논문의 연구결과를 소프트웨어 기술의 특징과 관련하여 재해석하였다. 끝으로 수치제어장치의 기술추격을 위한 기술체제 및 시장특성 친화적인 전략을 제안하였다.
Abstract
In spite of twenty year investment by a number of Korean companies and by government, companies manufacturing the numerical controller, which is an integrated computer controlling automatic machining process of the general purpose machine tools, recorded failures. This study captures the characteristics of the numerical controller industry in terms of technological regime and the market regime of the numerical controller. This study analyzes an influence of the characteristics on the failure of the numerical controller case. The characteristics lead one to expect a pattern of failure in accessing knowledge and gaining market share. However, Korean succeeded in developing the product in terms of successful technical performance in the producers' environment. It failed in gaining market due to poor technical performance in the s user environment. This study elucidates two types of knowledge base of the numerical controller which provided a vicious circle in accessing and accumulating the parochial knowledge and in gaining market share. The two types of knowledge for making the numerical controller could be only gained by selling mass produced goods to customers in various conditions. A 'technology regime friendly approach' for learning to make commercially viable numerical controllers in a catching up country is suggested on the basis of stylized facts from existing literature.
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