GIS 응용 교통 및 토지이용자료를 기반으로 한 도시 대기오염 분석
An Analysis of Traffic Flows and Land-Use on Urban Air Pollution Concentrations Using Geographic Information System
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초록
본 연구의 목적은 대기 오염농도와 교통량 및 토지이용과의 관계를 규명하기 위한 것이다. 대기오염측정값과 대기오염측정소 주변의 교통량 그리고 위성영상을 이용한 오염측정망 주변의 녹지면적 등의 자료를 구축하고 이들 변수 간의 관계를 회귀식으로 파악하였다. 교통량의 경우 통행배정 모형을 이용하여 추정하였으며, 추정된 교통량을 바탕으로 링크별 차량주행거리(VKT, Vehicle Kilometers Travelled)를 계산하였다. 녹지면적은 Landsat-7 위성 영상을 이용하여 픽셀(pixel)별 NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) 값을 계산한 후, 이 값을 근거로 픽셀의 녹지여부를 판별하였다. 대기오염 측정소 주변 반경 1km 가상의 공간을 설정하고, 이 가상의 공간 내 VKT와 녹지면적을 계산한 후, 오염 측정 자료와의 회귀 분석을 통해 이들 독립변수와 오염 농도와의 관계를 파악하였다. 분야별 화석연료 소비에 따른 오염물질 배출량 추정에 따르면, 수도권의 경우 교통 부문에 의한 비중이 오염물질별로 10%에서 90%에 이른다. 본 연구의 분석에 의하면 오염측정소 주변의 통행량 증가는 이산화질소와 일산화탄소의 농도 상승과 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 녹지면적의 증가는 이산화황과 일산화탄소의 농도 감소에 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었다. 오존의 경우 특별한 조건이 갖추어질 때 생성되는 2차 오염물질이다. 차량 통행이 잦은 지역, 즉 VKT가 높은 지역에서는 대기 중에 오존이 차량으로부터 배출된 풍부한 산화질소가 이산화질소로 변환되는 과정에 소모되어 VKT와 오존 농도 간에는 음의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다.
Abstract
The purpose of study was to investigate the relationship between air pollution levels, traffic flows, and land use. In the case of traffic data, Vehicle Kilometers Travelled (VKT) was estimated using a traffic assignment model. Green areas were determined by calculation of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for each pixel of Landsat 7 satellite image. An 1km of virtual radius space for each pollution monitoring station was delineated, and then the VKT and the green area were calculated. Using regression analysis, the relationships between the measured pollution data and explanatory variables, such as VKT and green area, were examined. According to results of the analysis, increased VKT was positively correlated with high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide. Counter-intuitively, the levels of ozone concentrations had a negative relationship with VKT, because high nitrogen oxide emissions were converted into NO2 with ozone consumption.
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