오키나와 우의(羽衣) 설화의 왕권설화로서의 성격 - 야래자 설화와의 비교를 통해서-
The heavenly lineage which is represented as <Hagoromo Tales> in Okinawa’s folk tales.
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本稿は、東アジア説話の比較という視点から、沖縄に伝わる「夜来者説話」と「羽衣説話(天人女房)」のあいだに見られる特徴を合わせて検討したものである。 「夜来者説話」と「羽衣説話」は、世界的に広く分布している。ところで沖縄に伝わる「夜来者説話」には、韓国や日本の本土に伝わる類話に比べると、異類婚姻によって生れた子供については、あまりに述べられていないという特徴が見られる。逆に「羽衣説話」のほうは、話の末尾に天上の女性と地上の男性とのあいだに生まれた子どもについて、かなり具体的に述べられているという特徴が見られる。つまり異類婚姻によって生まれた子どもが天女(天上界)の血筋(出自)を継いでいるという点が非常に強調されているのである。たとえば『日本昔話通観』に収録されている察度王の出自についての話はその代表的な事例であろう。この点から見ると、沖縄の「羽衣説話」に登場する天女は、まるで日本神話に登場する天照大御神に譬えられるような存在であると言える。 二つの説話のあいだに見られる主な特徴は、その伝承過程において「羽衣説話」が王権説話としての機能が強化されたため、逆に「夜来者説話」のほうは王権説話としての要素が欠落してしまったと言える。
Abstract
Okinawa folk tales are very meaningful in East Asian folk tales. As included in an expression, ‘The bridge which connects various countries in the world to each other (萬國津梁)’, Okinawa has historically and geographically played the role of a crossroad of the civilization in the Asian region for a long time. Okinawa’s special status like this can be applicable to folk tales. This paper focused on and compared Okinawa’s <The tale of Yaraeja> and <Hagoromo Tales> with each other from the viewpoint of the ‘comparative study of East Asian folk tales’. Especially, when <The tale of Yaraeja> and <Hagoromo Tales> which are told to Korea and Japan are compared with each other, it has found to be some characteristics in picture elements (話素) and narrative structures in Okinawa’s folk tales and tried to clarify their cultural background that they mean. There were the earthly and heavenly lineage which is represented as <The tale of Yaraeja> and <Hagoromo Tales> in Okinawa’s folk tales. The earthly and heavenly lineage were the important principle which are connected to dynasties and royal authority. By the way, among the earthly and heavenly lineage, the latter was strengthened as the lineage which proves royal authority’s legitimacy than the former. So <The tale of Yaraeja> weakened a function as royal authority tales and <Hagoromo Tales> strengthened a function as them in the transmission process. And this point is the best feature which is found in Okinawa’s <The tale of Yaraeja> and <Hagoromo Tales> when they are compared with the tales which are told in Korea and Japan. It was found that specific contents about children who were born to a heavenly maid and woodcutter were added in Okinawa’s Hagoromo Tales but the specific information on the children who were born to them were deleted in its tale of Yaraeja. The former was strengthened as royal authority tales as found in the legends about the birth of King Satto and the latter could emphasize the point that the function as them was weakened.
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