한・일 설화문학에 나타난 산속 이상향 연구
A study on the Utopia in the mountains appeared in Korean and Japanese folktales
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참고문헌
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초록
本稿では韓日説話文学に描かれている奥深い山中にある理想郷のうち、青鶴洞と隠れ里に注目し、両国の共通点、さらにその共通する諸要因を比較してみた。その結果、この両理想郷は共に隠棲する空間、仙人居住の仙境、理想的な社会としての楽園という形で現れていた。隠棲する空間は山中の秘境に乱世から逃れた人々が建設したという理想的な隠れ里として描かれている。仙人居住の仙境も同様に、山の神秘的な景観を背景に仙人が悠々と遊ぶ聖域として描写されている。理想社会としての楽園は隠棲の空間と聖域とのイメージを持ちながら、現実の生活に立脚したよりよい社会的条件で構築された小規模の田園社会として表されている。そこでは親族共同体で深い絆を有し、一部越中の五箇荘の商品経済を除いて自給自足で農業を経営し、税金搾取と戦争の苦痛をも排除し、平和で平等の理想的な生活が営まれている。このように両国の説話文学にはほぼ同じような形の理想郷が想像され、記されているが、こうした共通する様相をみせる直接的な要因としては中国の理想郷文学と神仙思想、そして韓日共に社会的動乱が影響した文化的な背景があったと思われる。また、朝鮮後期及び江戸時代に表出しつつあった社会的矛盾に対する不満の高まり、よりよい社会への渇望が一層理想郷を産む結果につながったと考えられる。
Abstract
In this paper, we looked at the common points between Cheonghakdong and Kakurezato among the utopias imagined in the mountains drawn in Korean and Japanese folktales, and compared the various factors of common aspects. As a result, the utopia of both countries appeared as a space of hermits in the mountains far from the secular world, an enchanted land of Taoist hermit‘s residence, and a paradise of an ideal society. The appearance as a place of avoiding the world is depicted as an ideal hiding place combined with a magnificent mountain landscape and a cache made by people who avoided the corrupt world or wars. The enchanted land of Taoist hermit‘s residence is also depicted as a sanctuary where Taoist hermits are strolling about in the backdrop of the mysteriousness and the landscape of the unexplored regions in the mountains. And the Paradise as an ideal society is emerging as a small, rural, virtual society built with better social conditions based on the life of reality, with some images of the space of avoiding the world and the sanctuary. It is a kinship community, mostly self-sufficient centered on agriculture, and oriented for peace and equality without taxation and sickness. In this way, almost identical forms of mountain Utopias were produced and recorded in the folktales of both countries. The direct factor of these common aspects was the cultural environment in which the Utopia literature and Taoist hermit ideology of China and the social turmoil of the two countries influenced. Moreover, as the contradictions of the modern age gradually grew in the late Joseon Dynasty and the Edo Period, the desire for a better society is considered to result the Utopia of the ideal society.
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