The Rise and Fall of English in East Asia: A Comparative Study of China, Japan and Korea
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Despite their being in the same category of Kachru’s expanding circle, China, Japan, and Korea are in a different state of affairs regarding their general aspects of English, as presented in this paper. In order to give a plausible account of this difference, the term indexicality is used as part of language ideological approach to the spread of English. As defined as the relationship between the language and its social context, the indexicality of English can be realized as different indexicals, depending on different socio-historical events suffered by each of the three countries. Whereas the indexicality of English has socio-historically gone through the negative process in both China and Japan, such has not been the case with Korea. In contrast to the status of English as the enemy’s language in Japan during World War II and also the status of the language as the evils in China during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), in Korea it has remained still unchanged with positive indexicals. The difference in socio-historically accumulated indexicals seems to be, implicitly or explicitly, related to and/or responsible for different aspects of English seen today in China, Japan, and Korea.
Abstract
Despite their being in the same category of Kachru’s expanding circle, China, Japan, and Korea are in a different state of affairs regarding their general aspects of English, as presented in this paper. In order to give a plausible account of this difference, the term indexicality is used as part of language ideological approach to the spread of English. As defined as the relationship between the language and its social context, the indexicality of English can be realized as different indexicals, depending on different socio-historical events suffered by each of the three countries. Whereas the indexicality of English has socio-historically gone through the negative process in both China and Japan, such has not been the case with Korea. In contrast to the status of English as the enemy’s language in Japan during World War II and also the status of the language as the evils in China during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), in Korea it has remained still unchanged with positive indexicals. The difference in socio-historically accumulated indexicals seems to be, implicitly or explicitly, related to and/or responsible for different aspects of English seen today in China, Japan, and Korea.
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