Mapping Alterity: Maps, Borders, and Social Relations in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms
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This essay examines the role of maps and geographic knowledge in the perception of spatiality and social relations as represented in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The essay is structured in three parts. The first part probes the problematic nature of modern cartography in conjunction with modernity, introducing major scholarship on maps and cartography and then critically reviewing its limits, thereby contesting the dichotomy between modern and premodern mapping. In the second part, which focuses on the role of maps and geography in the development of the narrative, the essay addresses how geographic knowledge and cartographic power emerged as a new form of cultural competence, contributing to social and political life, military operations, and political aspirations for geospatial management and territorial expansion. The political leaders’ concerted efforts to recover the Central Plain (the Zhongyuan) embody their desire to control the center and to legitimize the Han’s claim of centrality for that region, the presumed origin of China. By discussing the intricate relationship between verbal language and visual language and the rhetoric of alterity used to portray the Man people with similes, the essay argues that the premodern logic and mechanisms of boundary making, based on the center‐periphery dichotomy and used to demarcate territorial or and cultural boundaries, were not dissimilar to those of modern times. Lastly, in grappling with the question of the significance of the novel’s representations of alterity, the essay explores how representations of cultural differences can be used to deconstruct the hierarchies that they are meant to establish. Thus, the significance of mapping does not necessarily reside in its utilization for ordering and hegemony, but for inquiring into the cultural potential for unmarking and decentering.
Abstract
This essay examines the role of maps and geographic knowledge in the perception of spatiality and social relations as represented in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The essay is structured in three parts. The first part probes the problematic nature of modern cartography in conjunction with modernity, introducing major scholarship on maps and cartography and then critically reviewing its limits, thereby contesting the dichotomy between modern and premodern mapping. In the second part, which focuses on the role of maps and geography in the development of the narrative, the essay addresses how geographic knowledge and cartographic power emerged as a new form of cultural competence, contributing to social and political life, military operations, and political aspirations for geospatial management and territorial expansion. The political leaders’ concerted efforts to recover the Central Plain (the Zhongyuan) embody their desire to control the center and to legitimize the Han’s claim of centrality for that region, the presumed origin of China. By discussing the intricate relationship between verbal language and visual language and the rhetoric of alterity used to portray the Man people with similes, the essay argues that the premodern logic and mechanisms of boundary making, based on the center‐periphery dichotomy and used to demarcate territorial or and cultural boundaries, were not dissimilar to those of modern times. Lastly, in grappling with the question of the significance of the novel’s representations of alterity, the essay explores how representations of cultural differences can be used to deconstruct the hierarchies that they are meant to establish. Thus, the significance of mapping does not necessarily reside in its utilization for ordering and hegemony, but for inquiring into the cultural potential for unmarking and decentering.
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