모빌리티와 정신질환 — 20세기 초 사우스다코타주의 캔튼 인디언 정신병원과 ‘정신이상’ 인디언 —
Mobility and Mental Illness — The Canton Asylum for Insane Indians in Early Twentieth-Century America —
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Since the mid-twentieth century, the American public has viewed Native Americans and their mental illness, including gambling, substance abuse, and suicide, as a national phenomenon to be examined and addressed. It is true that cultural differences of Indians have made it difficult for them to access proper mental health services; however, a larger issue at stake is the long-term economic, political, and social discrimination Native Americans have suffered in American society. In fact, “insane Indians” have a longer history, which was shaped by the contemporary discourse of mobility concerning Indians and their mental conditions. In the nineteenth century, Indians were confined to reservations, where they were supposed to settle permanently and enjoy the benefits of American civilization. It was in these reservations that the problem of insanity began to garner national attention. In 1902, the Canton Asylum for Insane Indians opened in Canton, South Dakota, as a federal institution of confinement designed to deal with undesirable Indians; at the same time, it generated and facilitated various forms of mobility through admission, discharge, escape, and even death. Focusing on the mobility discourse of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this paper examines the historical place of allegedly insane Indians in American society. First, it investigates the process by which the asylum for insane Indians was established. Second, it discusses the ways in which contemporary American society understood and defined the mobility of Indians. Third, using cases culled from the Canton Asylum admission records at the National Archives and Records Administration, this paper explores the link between mobility and mental illness among Indians at the turn of the twentieth century.
Abstract
Since the mid-twentieth century, the American public has viewed Native Americans and their mental illness, including gambling, substance abuse, and suicide, as a national phenomenon to be examined and addressed. It is true that cultural differences of Indians have made it difficult for them to access proper mental health services; however, a larger issue at stake is the long-term economic, political, and social discrimination Native Americans have suffered in American society. In fact, “insane Indians” have a longer history, which was shaped by the contemporary discourse of mobility concerning Indians and their mental conditions. In the nineteenth century, Indians were confined to reservations, where they were supposed to settle permanently and enjoy the benefits of American civilization. It was in these reservations that the problem of insanity began to garner national attention. In 1902, the Canton Asylum for Insane Indians opened in Canton, South Dakota, as a federal institution of confinement designed to deal with undesirable Indians; at the same time, it generated and facilitated various forms of mobility through admission, discharge, escape, and even death. Focusing on the mobility discourse of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this paper examines the historical place of allegedly insane Indians in American society. First, it investigates the process by which the asylum for insane Indians was established. Second, it discusses the ways in which contemporary American society understood and defined the mobility of Indians. Third, using cases culled from the Canton Asylum admission records at the National Archives and Records Administration, this paper explores the link between mobility and mental illness among Indians at the turn of the twentieth century.
참고문헌 (46)
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