갑오개혁기 일본의 조선 內政改革 간섭의 실상과 開化派 정부의 대응

Abstract

The Gabo Reform of 1894 is recognized as the first modern reform implemented in Korean society. While the first phase of the reform is generally regarded as a relatively autonomous initiative by Chosun, the second phase is evaluated as being heavily influenced by Japanese intervention. Consequently, the tension between autonomy and external imposition has become a central issue in the study of the Gabo Reform. However, empirical research remains limited regarding the specific extent and mechanisms of Japanese interference following the arrival of Minister Inoue Kaoru in Korea. This study seeks to examine how Japanese pressure was exerted during the reform process—whether it functioned unilaterally or through interactions with the Chosun government. To this end, the concept of "passive revolution," as developed in 19th-century Europe, is employed as an analytical framework. As in the cases of Germany and Italy, the European experience—where reforms were initiated by the existing ruling classes in response to external pressures and the necessity of maintaining internal order, even in the absence or weakness of revolutionary forces—offers significant insights into understanding the Gabo Reform. Following the suppression of the Gabo Peasant War with Japanese military support, the Chosun government recognized the need for reforms to prevent further uprisings. Under Japanese pressure, and partly incorporating the demands of the peasant army, the reform process was set into motion. This study investigates the intentions and nature of Japan’s involvement in the Gabo Reform, while also analyzing the responses of the Enlightenment Faction Government of the time.