세계화와 인적자본이 노동수요에 미치는 영향: 한국 제조업을 중심으로
The Empirical Analysis on the Determinants of Educational Labor Demands in Korean Construction Industry
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미국을 비롯한 선진국과 한국의 노동시장에서 학력별 노동 간 임금격차가 심화되는 현상이 나타나고 있다. 본 논문은 한국 제조업 노동시장에서 발생하고 있는 학력별 임금격차를 바탕으로 인적자본론에 근거하여 저학력노동시장과 고학력노동시장으로 분절하고 학력별 노동수요가 어떤 요인에 영향을 받는가를 실증분석하였다. 먼저 저학력노동과 고학력노동으로 나누어 제조업의 학력별 임금격차를 설명하였다. 분석방법으로 저학력노동, 고학력노동과 물적자본을 생산요소로 하고 외생변수로 중립적 기술진보와 세계화를 포함한 다요소 Cobb- Douglas 생산함수를 설정하였다. 이것을 바탕으로 비용함수를 구하고 학력별 노동수요함수를 유도하여 통계자료를 사용하여 실증분석하였다. 추정결과는 첫째 저학력노동(고졸이하)과 고학력노동(대졸 이상) 간에는 보완적 관계가, 물적자본과 고학력노동(대졸이상) 간에는 대체적인 관계가 성립하였다. 둘째 제조업 생산량은 저학력노동 수요에 양(+)의 방향으로 영향을 미치지만 고학력노동 수요에는 통계적으로 유의미한 영향은 미치지 않았다. 셋째 세계화는 고학력노동 수요를 증가시키고 저학력노동 수요를 감소하는 방향으로 영향을 미쳤다. 넷째, 중립적 기술진보는 고학력수요를 증가하는 방향으로 영향을 미치지만 저학력노동 수요에 거의 미치지 못했다. 이런 결론을 바탕으로 정책적 제안을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째 경기침체 때 생산량이 줄어들면 이에 따라 저학력노동 수요가 감소하고 실업이 발생한다. 이런 상황에 대응하여 저학력노동 고용촉진정책이 필요하다. 둘째, 투자가 감소하면 자본수요가 줄어들어 자본가격이 하락한다. 고학력노동의 상대가격이 상승하여 고학력노동 수요가 감소한다. 이에 따라 보완관계인 저학력노동 수요도 감소하게 되므로 투자촉진정책이 필요하다. 셋째 세계화가 진전될수록 저학력노동의 수요가 감소하므로 저학력노동 고용증진정책이 필요하다.
Abstract
In the labor market of the developed countries, including USA and Korea, wage differentials by academic background is widening. This paper aims to analyze what factors have effects on educational labor demand in Korean manufacturing industry. For this analysis, the labor market is segregated into two labor markets-high-educated labor and low-educated labor-, based on human capital theory. Multi factor-Cobb-Douglas production function is built up to derive the stochastic estimation model to estimate the given parameters which includes economic implication. The estimated results are summarized as follows. First, low-educated labor has complementary relation with high-educated labor, while high-educated labor has substitutive relation with physical capital. Second, the change in the amount of production affects the demand of low-educated labor statistically significantly, almost not affecting that of high-educated labor. Third, neutral technical progress has effects on increasing the demand of high-educated labor and decreasing that of low-educated labor. Several policy implications can be suggested based on these results. First, when economic repression is spreaded widely, the production quantity in Korean manufacturing industry is contracted rapidly. It induces the unemployment of low-educated labor, relative to high-educated labor. Therefore, government should implement the employment promotion policy for low-educated labor in the repressed economic situation. Second, the reduction of investment may reduce the price of physical capital because of lack of capital demand. Then the demand of high-educated labor can be decreased because of substitutive relation with physical capital, which can leads to demand of low-educated labor complementary to high-education labor. So government need to implement the investment policy which can encourage both labor to be hired to prepare for economic slowdown. Third, Globalization induces the increase of demand of high-educated labor and the decrease of low-educated labor. The promotion policy to employ the low-education labor should be prepared.
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