본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

18세기 말 대서양흑인의 디아스포라 정체성

Diasporic Identity of Atlantic Blacks in the Late 18th Century

0

조회

0

다운로드

3

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류영어와문학

초록

Transatlantic slave trade forced Africans to disperse in the West Indies and America and brought black diaspora to Canada, England, and back-to-Africa. These diasporic Africans shard the experience of forced displacement and racial oppression and it led them to a discourse of resistance and solidarity. The diasporic lives of Hammond, Marrant, and Equiano showed cosmopolitan experience different from the lives of slaves and shared ocean life and seamen culture in the Atlantic, which dissolved national and racial boundaries. Transatlantic adventures of diasporic blacks also led them to criticism on slavery and racism, with Christian consciousness of the chosen people and African identity with Ethiopianism. Specially Equiano was a modern nomad crossing various continents and oceans, and he pursued a career of antislavery activist with a firm belief in free market economy and religious openness. However, ‘return to Africa’ project proved Africa as a place of mythic desire and imaginative identity, revealing partition of ‘African’ identity among Nova Scotians and native Africans. The construction of diasporic African nation required a whole new blueprint that goes beyond identical skin color.

Abstract

Transatlantic slave trade forced Africans to disperse in the West Indies and America and brought black diaspora to Canada, England, and back-to-Africa. These diasporic Africans shard the experience of forced displacement and racial oppression and it led them to a discourse of resistance and solidarity. The diasporic lives of Hammond, Marrant, and Equiano showed cosmopolitan experience different from the lives of slaves and shared ocean life and seamen culture in the Atlantic, which dissolved national and racial boundaries. Transatlantic adventures of diasporic blacks also led them to criticism on slavery and racism, with Christian consciousness of the chosen people and African identity with Ethiopianism. Specially Equiano was a modern nomad crossing various continents and oceans, and he pursued a career of antislavery activist with a firm belief in free market economy and religious openness. However, ‘return to Africa’ project proved Africa as a place of mythic desire and imaginative identity, revealing partition of ‘African’ identity among Nova Scotians and native Africans. The construction of diasporic African nation required a whole new blueprint that goes beyond identical skin color.

참고문헌 (51)

  1. 노동욱, "‘자서전의 죽음’과 인종 경계선의 허구: 『한때 흑인이었던 남자의 자서전』 다시 읽기", 미국학 논집, 48(3), pp.105~132 (2016), 한국아메리카학회
  2. 심재중, "정체성 담론과 이데올로기- 아이티와 마르티니크의 흑인 정체성 담론을 중심으로", 라틴아메리카연구, 17(2), pp.5~23 (2004), 한국라틴아메리카학회
  3. 윤영휘, "흑인 노예 출신 작가들과 영국 노예무역 폐지 운동의 발전: 산초, 쿠고아노, 에퀴아노를 중심으로", 역사와 문화, (28), pp.174~208 (2014), 문화사학회[DOI]
  4. 이영철, "남북전쟁 전 아프리카계 미국문학의 노예서사", 현대영미어문학, 31(1), pp.281~307 (2013), 현대영미어문학회
  5. 이영효, "18세기말 ‘대서양 흑인(Black Atlantic)’의 삶과 의식 -올라우다 에퀴아노(Olaudah Equiano)의 생애를 중심으로 -", 역사교육, (110), pp.175~209 (2009), 역사교육연구회
  6. 이영효, "미국 흑인 건국세대의 이념과 활동", 역사교육, (117), pp.165~194 (2011), 역사교육연구회
  7. 이영효, "남북전쟁 이전 미국흑인들의 국외 이주운동", 미국사연구, 44, pp.247~287 (2016), 한국미국사학회
  8. 허현, "아프리카 식민운동의 이데올로기적 기원과 1830년대 정치적 노예제폐지반대론(Political Anti-Abolitionism)의 수용", 미국학 논집, 48(3), pp.205~237 (2016), 한국아메리카학회
  9. Baker, Houston A., Jr., "The Journey Back: Issues in Black Literature and Criticism" (1983), U of Chicago P
  10. Bassard, Katherine Clay, "Spiritual Interrogations : Culture, Gender, and Community in Early African American Women’s Writing" (1999), Princeton UP
  11. Bell, Karen B, "Rice, Resistance, and Forced Transatlantic Communities: (Re)Envisioning the African Diaspora in Low Country Georgia, 1750- 1800", Journal of African American History, 95(2), pp.157~182 (2010)
  12. Bogin, Ruth, "Liberty Further Extended’: A 1776 Antislavery Manuscript by Lemuel Haynes", William and Mary Quarterly, 40(1), pp.85~105 (1983)
  13. Bolster, W. Jeffrey, "Black Jacks : African American Seamen in the Age of Sail" (1998), Harvard UP
  14. Brown, Jacqueline Nassy, "Black Liverpool, Black America, and the Gendering of Diasporic Space", Cultural Anthropology, 13(3), pp.291~325 (1998)
  15. Brown, Matthew D., "Olaudah Equiano and the Sailor’s Telegraph: ‘The Interesting Narrative’ and the Source of Black Abolitionism", Callaloo, 36(1), pp.191~201 (2013)
  16. Caretta, Vincent, "The Interesting Narrative and Other Writigns" (1995), Penguin Books
  17. Caretta, Vincent, "Unchained Voices: An Anthology of Black Authors in the English-Speaking Workd of the Eighteenth Century" (1996), UP of Kentucky
  18. Caretta, Vincent, "Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa? New Light on an Eighteenth-Century Question of Identity", Slavery and Abolition, 20(3), pp.96~105 (1999)
  19. Caretta, Vincent, "Equiano, the African : Biography of a Self-Made Man" (2005), Penguin Books
  20. Chinosole, "The African Diaspora and Autobiographies : Skeins of Self and Skin" (2001), Peter Lang Publishing
  21. Corley, Íde, "The Subject of Abolitionist Rhetoric: Freedom and Trauma in ‘The Life of Olaudah Equiano", Modern Language Studies, 32(2), pp.139~156 (2002)
  22. Desrochers Jr., Robert E., "’Nor Fade Away’: The Narrative of Venture Smith, an African American in the Early Republic", Journal of American History, 84(1), pp.40~66 (1997)
  23. Earley, Samantha Manchester, "Writing from the Center or the Margins? Olaudah Equiano’s Writing Life Reassessed", African Studies Review, 46(3), pp.1~16 (2003)
  24. Edwards, Paul, "Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho" (1968), Dawsons of Pall Mall
  25. Feinberg, H. M., "Saga of a Slave: Jacobus Capitein of Holland and Elmina", African Studies Review, 46(2), pp.131~132 (2003)
  26. Foster, Frances Smith, "A Narrative of the Interesting Origins and (Somewhat) Surprising Developments of African American Print Culture", American Literary History, 17(4), pp.714~740 (2005)
  27. Gilroy, Paul, "The Black Atlantic : Modernity and Double Consciousness" (1992), Harvard UP
  28. Glover, Jeffery, "Witnessing African War: Slavery, the Laws of War, and Anglo-American Abolitionism", William and Mary Quarterly, 743, pp.503~532 (2017)
  29. Gunning, Sandra, "Nancy Prince and the Politics of Mobility, Home and Diasporic (Mis)Identification", American Quarterly, 53(1), pp.32~69 (2001)
  30. Harris, Will, "Phillis Wheatley, Diaspora Subjectivity, and the African American Canon", MELUS, 33(3), pp.27~43 (2008), Multicultural and Multilingual Aesthetics of Resistance
  31. Isani, Mukhtar Ali, "The Contemporaneous Reception of Phillis Wheatley: Newspaper and Magazine Notices during the Years of Fame, 1765-1774", Journal of Negro History, 85(4), pp.260~273 (2000)
  32. 김찬영, "Writing the Traveling Self on the European Text: Olauda Equiano’s Interesting Narrative", 영미문화, 5(1), pp.95~126 (2005), 한국영미문화학회
  33. Linebaugh, Peter, "The Many-headed Hydra : Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic" (2013), Beacon Press
  34. McNairn, Jeffrey L., "British Travellers, Nova Scotia’s Black Communities and the Problem of Freedom to 1860", Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, 19(1), pp.27~56 (2008)
  35. Murdoch, H. Adlai, "Re-Viewing Black Studies: Articulating Identity from Diaspora: A Response to Alexander Weheliye", American Literary History, 20(1, pp.2) (2008), 337~345
  36. Murphy, Geraldine, "Olaudah Equiano, Accidental Tourist", Eighteenth- Century Studies, 27(4), pp.551~568 (1994)
  37. Nehl, Markus, "Transnational Black Dialogues : Re-Imagining Slavery in the Twenty-First Century" (2016), Columbia UP
  38. O’neale, Sondra A., "Challenge to Wheatley’s Critics: ‘There Was No Other ‘Game’ in Town", Journal of Negro Education, 54(4), pp.500~511 (1985)
  39. Paul, Ronald, "‘I Whitened My Face, That They Might Not Know Me’: Race and Identity in Olaudah Equiano’s Slave Narrative", Journal of Black Studies, 39(6), pp.848~864 (2009)
  40. Poole, Thomas G., "What Country Have I? Nineteenth-Century African- American Theological Critiques of the Nation’s Birth and Destiny", Journal of Religion, 72(4), pp.533~548 (1992)
  41. Potkay, Adam, "Black Atlantic Writers of the Eighteenth Century: Living the New Exodus in England and the Americas" (1995), Macmillan
  42. Potkay, Adam, "History, Oratory, and God in Equiano’s Interesting Narrative", Eighteenth-Century Studies, 34(4), pp.601~614 (2001)
  43. Pratt, Lloyd Presley, "Progress, Labor, Revolution: The Modern Times of Antebellum African American Life Writing", Novel: A Forum on Fiction, 34(1), pp.56~76 (2000)
  44. Rediker, Marcus, "Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea : Merchant Seamen, Pirates and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700-1750" (1987), Cambridge UP
  45. Roberts, Rita, "Patriotism and Political Criticism: The Evolution of Political Consciousness in the Mind of a Black Revolutionary Soldier", Eighteenth-Century Studies, 27(4), pp.569~588 (1994)
  46. Santamarina, Xiomara, "‘Are We There Yet?’: Archives, History, and Specificity in African-American Literary Studies", American Literary History, 20(1, pp.2) (2008), 304~316
  47. Scott III, Julius S, "The Common Wind : Afro-American Currents in the Age of the Haitian Revolution" (2018), Verso
  48. Shields, John C., "The Collected Works of Phillis Wheatley" (1988), Oxford UP
  49. Sidbury, James, "Becoming African in America : Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic" (2007), Oxford UP
  50. Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe, "African Diasporas: Toward a Global History", African Studies Review, 53(1), pp.1~19 (2010)
  51. Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe, "Rewriting the African Diaspora: Beyond the Black Atlantic", African Affairs, 104(414), pp.35~68 (2005)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (8건)