본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

검은 대서양의 폭넓은 블랙파워 운동: 1960년대 후반 스토클리 카마이클의 횡대서양 활동을 중심으로

‘Wide Black Power Movement’ in Black Atlantic: Focusing on Stokely Carmichael’s Transatlantic Activities during the Late 1960s

이춘입
한국아메리카학회 (The American Studies Association Of Korea)|2019.12|미국학 논집 (Journal of American Studies)|제51권 제3호|pp. 141-174

0

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

Black Panther PartyBlack Atlantic스토클리 카마이클폭넓은 블랙파워 운동블랙팬서당혁명적 범아프리카주의검은 대서양Stokely Carmichaelwide Black Power Movementrevolutionary pan-Africanism
주제분류영어와문학

초록

This paper explores transatlantic characteristics of the Global Sixties focusing on the activities of Stokely Carmichael, a chairman of the Students for Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the most popular advocate of the Black Power Movement in the late 1960s. Considering his birthplace, growth background, and political activities, the ‘Black Power speech’ and Lowndes County Freedom Organization as the origin of the Black Panther Party resulted from Black Atlantic or his resistant Caribbean Black identity. His participation in the 1967 Dialectics of Liberation Congress, held in London, stimulated the formation of the British Black Panther Movement which accelerated British Black Power movements beyond both Atlantic sides. In 1969, Carmichael settled down in Guinea changed his name to Kwame Ture, and started to promote Revolutionary Pan-Africanism highly influenced by Kwame Nkrumah. Because Nkrumahism came from African Americans’ Pan-Africanism in the early 20th century, both Black Power and Pan-Africanism of Carmichael can be understood in the context of the “Wide Black Power Movement” caused by his transnational identity as a Caribbean Black.

Abstract

This paper explores transatlantic characteristics of the Global Sixties focusing on the activities of Stokely Carmichael, a chairman of the Students for Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the most popular advocate of the Black Power Movement in the late 1960s. Considering his birthplace, growth background, and political activities, the ‘Black Power speech’ and Lowndes County Freedom Organization as the origin of the Black Panther Party resulted from Black Atlantic or his resistant Caribbean Black identity. His participation in the 1967 Dialectics of Liberation Congress, held in London, stimulated the formation of the British Black Panther Movement which accelerated British Black Power movements beyond both Atlantic sides. In 1969, Carmichael settled down in Guinea changed his name to Kwame Ture, and started to promote Revolutionary Pan-Africanism highly influenced by Kwame Nkrumah. Because Nkrumahism came from African Americans’ Pan-Africanism in the early 20th century, both Black Power and Pan-Africanism of Carmichael can be understood in the context of the “Wide Black Power Movement” caused by his transnational identity as a Caribbean Black.

참고문헌 (50)

  1. 안효상, "블랙 파워를 향하여", 트랜스토리아, 3, pp.75~97 (2003)
  2. 이춘입, "블랙파워시대 급진적 흑인들의 맑스-레닌주의 변주: 블랙팬서당을 중심으로", 미국학 논집, 50(2), pp.143~170 (2018), 한국아메리카학회
  3. 이춘입, "Occupy Columbia! 컬럼비아 대학 점거 사건으로 다시 보는 ‘미국 68’", 미국사연구, 49, pp.199~237 (2019), 한국미국사학회[DOI]
  4. 황혜성, "흑인민족주의: 역사적 변이", 미국학, 20, pp.397~414 (1997)
  5. Angelo, Anne-Marie, "The Black Panthers in London", Radical History Review, 103, pp.17~35 (2009)
  6. Baldwin, James, "Black Power: James Baldwin in Defence of Stokely Carmichael", Guardian, pp.10~ (1968)
  7. Bennett Jr., Lerone, "Stokely Carmichael Architect of Black Power", Ebony, pp.25~28 (1966)
  8. "Black Cultural Archives, Brixton, London, United Kingdom", ~
  9. Bloom, Joshua, "Black against Empire : The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party" (2013), U of California P
  10. Bunce, R. E. R., "Obi B. Egbuna, C. L. R. James and the Birth of Black Power in Britain: Black Radicalism in Britain 1967-72", Twentieth Century British History, 22(3), pp.391~414 (2011)
  11. Carmichael, Stokely, "Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America" (1992), Vintage Books
  12. Carmichael, Stokely, "Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture)" (2003), Scribner
  13. Carmichael, Stokely, "Pan-Africanism—Land and Power", Black Scholar, 27(3, pp.4) (1969), 58~64
  14. Carmichael, Stokely, "Stokely Speaks : From Black Power to Pan-Africanism" (1971), Chicago Review Press
  15. Carmichael, Stokely, "Joint Statement of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee and the Students for a Democratic Society on the Conscription Laws before House Committee on the Armed Services", New Left Notes, 1(25), pp.1~ (1966)
  16. Carson, Clayborne, "In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s" (1981), Harvard UP
  17. Carson, Clayborne, "Stokely Carmichael", Kwame Ture: Courageous Warrior in an On-Going Struggle, 1997, pp.27(3-4), 44~45
  18. Cha-Jua, Sundiata K., "The ‘Long Movement’ as Vampire: Temporal and Spatial Fallacies in Recent Black Freedom Studies", Journal of African American History, 92(2), pp.265~288 (2007)
  19. Chude-Sokei, Louis, "The Black Atlantic Paradigm: Paul Gilroy and the Fractured Landscape of ‘Race’", American Quarterly, 48(4), pp.740~745 (1996)
  20. Cleaver, Kathleen Neal, "Liberation, Imagination, and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Panthers and Their Legacy" (2001), Routledge
  21. Cooper, David, "The Dialectics of Liberation" (2015), Verso
  22. Davis, Angela Y, "Angela Davis : An Autobiography" (1974), Random House
  23. Dawson, Ashley, "Mongrel Nation: Diasporic Culture and the Making of Postcolonial Britain", pp.49~72 (2007), U of Michigan P
  24. Egbuna, Obi, "Destroy This Temple : The Voice of Black Power in Britain" (1971), MacGibbon & Kee
  25. "FBI memorandum from director to WFO, FBI (100-448076) 12", 18, ~
  26. Fleming, Tyler, "A Marriage of Inconvenience: Miriam Makeba’s Relationship with Stokely Carmichael and her Music Career in the United States", Safundi: the Journal of South African and American Studies, 17(3), pp.312~338 (2016)
  27. Franklin, V. P., "Introduction: New Black Power Studies: National, International, and Transnational Perspectives", Journal of African American History, 92(4), pp.463~466 (2007)
  28. Garau, Annie, "The Black Panther Party Around the World", ati 5 March 2017. Web. 22 May 2019, ~ (2017)
  29. Garrow, David J, "The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr" (1983), Penguin Books
  30. Gilroy, Paul, "The Black Atlantic : Modernity and Double Consciousness" (1993), Harvard UP
  31. Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd, "The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past", Journal of American History, 91, pp.1233~1263 (2005)
  32. Hogan, Wesley C., "Many Minds, One Heart: SNCC’s Dream for a New America" (2007), U of North Carolina P
  33. Jeffries, Hasan Kwame, "Bloody Lowndes : Civil Rights and Black Power in Alabama’s Black Belt" (2009), New York UP
  34. Joseph, Peniel E., "Black Power Beyond the Slogan", Transition, 115, pp.87~99 (2014)
  35. Joseph, Peniel E, "Stokely : A Life" (2014), Basic Civitas
  36. Joseph, Peniel E., "Revolution in Babylon: Stokely Carmichael and America in the 1960s", Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society, 9(4), pp.281~301 (2007)
  37. Joseph, Peniel E, "The Black Power Movement : Rethinking the Civil Rights-Black Power Era" (2006), Routledge
  38. Joseph, Peniel E., "Waiting ’Til The Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America" (2006), Holt Paperbacks
  39. Katsiaficas, George, "The Global Imagination of 1968 : Revolution and Counterrevolution" (2018), PM Press
  40. Kirk, John A., "Review Article: The Long and the Short of It: New Perspectives in Civil Rights Studies", Journal of Contemporary History, 6(2), pp.425~436 (2011)
  41. Lapping, Brian, "Secular Black Brotherhood Launched in Britain", Guardian, 14~ (1967)
  42. Malloy, Sean L, "Out of Oakland : Black Panther Party Internationalism during the Cold War" (2017), Cornell UP
  43. Mohamed, Sultan, "Why did unity elude Guyana?", Guyana Chronicle, ~ (2013)
  44. Murch, Donna, "Black Power beyond Borders: The Global Dimensions of the Black Power Movement", pp.57~78 (2012), Palgrave Macmillan
  45. Newton, Huey P, "Revolutionary Suicide" (1973), Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
  46. Nimako, Kwame, "Nkrumah, African Awakening and Neo-colonialism: How Black America Awakened Nkrumah and Nkrumah Awakened Black America", Black Scholar, 40(2), pp.54~70 (2010)
  47. PBS, "Interview Kathleen Cleaver", Frontline Spring, ~ (1997)
  48. Slate, Nico, "Black Power beyond Borders: The Global Dimensions of the Black Power Movement", pp.1~10 (2012), Palgrave Macmillan
  49. Smith, Jennifer B, "An International History of the Black Panther Party" (1999), Garland Publishing
  50. Tuck, Stephen, "Malcolm X’s Visit to Oxford University: U.S. Civil Rights, Black Britain, and the Special Relationship on Race", American Historical Review, 118(1), pp.76~103 (2013)

관련 논문AI추천

1960년대 미국 아프리카 연구와 흑인 반란 - 1969년 아프리카학회의 몬트리올 연례대회를 중심으로우인희인문학연구소 · 코기토2024 · 제104권 블랙파워시대 급진적 흑인들의 맑스-레닌주의 변주: 블랙팬서당을 중심으로이춘입한국아메리카학회 · 미국학 논집2018 · 제50권 제2호“죽이는 시가 필요하다”: 블랙팬서, 블랙파워, 아미리 바라카의 혁명적 시학김성훈미국학연구소 · 미국학2018 · 제41권 제1호‘68운동’과 횡대서양(transatlantic) 저항 네트워크: 세계혁명론 비판과 트랜스내셔널 전망신동규인문학연구소 · 코기토2019 · 제89권 18세기 말 대서양흑인의 디아스포라 정체성이영효한국아메리카학회 · 미국학 논집2019 · 제51권 제3호할렘르네상스 미술에 나타난 탈식민주의적 속성: 두 보이스의 ‘범아프리카주의’를 중심으로김민아, 박숙영한국조형교육학회 · 조형교육2013 · 제47호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (8건)

인공생명과 포스트휴먼 사회의 윤리: 테드 창의 「소프트웨어 객체의 생애주기」를 중심으로강수진pp. 5-26『트와일라잇 슬립』—진보 시대의 아이러니, 고통 없는 평화김여진pp. 27-43새로운 부르주아의 탄생: 드라이저의 『금융자본가』에 나타난 금융과 도덕백준걸pp. 45-7218세기 말 대서양흑인의 디아스포라 정체성이영효pp. 73-106러일전쟁과 미국의 한국 인식: 잭 런던의 종군 보도를 중심으로이유정pp. 107-139
원문 보기