사회운동과 정당의 관계: 미국 공화당의 운동정당화 현상과 사례를 중심으로
The Relationship between Social Movement and Political Party: Movementization of the Republican Party in U.S. Politics
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
이 글은 지금까지 티파티 운동이나 MAGA 운동처럼 강한 이념성과 정체성으로 무장한 극단적 성향의 사회운동이 기성 보수정당인 공화당에 침투하거나 공화당을 포획하는 현상을 ‘공화당의 운동정당화’라는 개념을 통해서 설명하고자 했다. 이를 위해 이 글은 사회운동과 정당을 개념적으로 차별화하고, 유럽에서 드물지 않게 등장하는 운동정당이 미국의 양대정당 체제에서 발견되기 어려운 현실을 논의하였다. 이어서 미국 정치에서 사회운동이 기성정당에 강하게 영향력을 행사하는 현상을 운동정당화라는 개념을 적용하여 파악한 후, 이를 공화당을 대상으로 적용하고 분석하였다. 계속해서 이 글은 이러한 현상이 등장하게 된 요인을 ‘정당 공동화’로 명명되는 정당의 제도적 약화라는 일반적 원인과, 특히 공화당의 경우 준정당조직의 활성화 및 공화당 지지 세력의 극단적 이념성과 정체성 강화 현상을 중심으로 나누어 설명하였다. 마지막으로 이 글은 기존 정당-사회운동 논의의 맹점을 지적하면서 양자 관계를 침투와 포획이라는 개념으로 설명하기 위해서 이 두 종류의 정당-사회운동 관계의 특징을 단계별로 분석한 후, 티파티 운동과 MAGA 운동을 중심으로 이러한 개념을 통해 공화당과 보수적 사회운동의 관계를 재조명하였다.
Abstract
This article aimed to explain conservative social movement’s infiltration into and capture of the Republican party by utilizing the concept of ‘movementization of the Republican party.’ In line with this purpose, this article conceptually differentiated social movement and political party, explained why European-style movement parties have rarely been observed in the American political soil, and reexamined the heavy impact of social movement on political parties on the basis of movementization of political party, with the Republican party in mind. Regarding the factors affecting the movementization of the Republican party, this article emphasized ‘party hollowing’ as a general factor applicable to both Democratic and Republican parties, and the activation of para-parties and the ideological and identitarian consolidation of conservative voters, specifically for the Republican party. Finally, this article analyzed the movementization of the Republican party by relying upon such concepts as infiltration and capture, and by applying those concepts to the cases of the Tea Party and MAGA movements.
참고문헌 (28)
- Abramowitz, Alan I., "The Great Alignment : Race, Party Transformation, and the Rise of Donald Trump" (2018), Yale UP
- Aldrich, John H., "Why Parties? : A Second Look" (2011), The U of Chicago P
- Allen, Jonathan, "Tea Party Republicans Want To Fire John Boehner", Vox, ~ (2015)
- Almeida, Paul, "Strategic Alliances: Coalition Building and Social Movements", pp.170~196 (2010), U of Minnesota P
- Blum, Rachel M., "How the Tea Party Captured the GOP : Insurgent Factions in American Politics" (2020), The U of Chicago P
- Campbell, David E., "A Matter of Faith: Religion in the 2004 Presidential Election", pp.120~141 (2004), Brookings Institution Press
- Campbell, John L., "American Discontent: the Rise of Donald Trump and Decline of the Golden Age" (2018), Oxford UP
- Galvin, Daniel J., "Party Domination and Base Mobilization : Donald Trump and Republican Party Building in a Polarized Era", The Forum, 18(2), pp.135~168 (2020)
- Gervais, Bryan T., "Reactionary Republicanism: How the Tea Party in the House Paved the Way for Trump’s Victory" (2018), Oxford UP
- Green, John. C., "God at the Grassroots: The Christian Right in the 1994 Elections", pp.1~18 (1994), Rowman and Littlefield
- Grossmann, Matt, "Asymmetric Politics: Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats" (2016), Oxford UP
- Hacker, Jacob S., "The Republican Devolution : Partisanship and the Decline of American Governance", Foreign Affairs, 98(4), pp.42~51 (2019)
- Hirsh, Michael, "What Sparked the Tea Party?", National Journal, ~ (2010)
- Ho, Clarence. Y. H., "The Precipitous Rise of the Tea Party", pp.98~129 (2012), U of California P
- Karpowitz, Christopher F., "Tea Time in America? The Impact of the Tea Party Movement on the 2010 Midterm Elections", PS: Political Science & Politics, 44(2), pp.303~309 (2011)
- Kitchelt, Herbert, "Handbook of Party Politics", pp.278~290 (2006), Sage Publications
- McAdam, Doug, "Ballots and Barricades : On the Reciprocal Relationship between Elections and Social Movements", Perspectives on Politics, 8(2), pp.529~542 (2010)
- Piccio. Daniela R., "Party Responses to Social Movements: Challenges and Opportunities" (2019), Berghahn Books
- Porta, Donatella della, "Movement Parties Against Austerity" (2017), Wiley
- Roberts, Kenneth M., "The Resistance: The Dawn of the Anti-Trump Opposition Movement", pp.54~72 (2018), Oxford UP
- Schlozman, Daniel, "When Movements Anchor Parties : Electoral Alignments in American History" (2015), Princeton UP
- Schlozman, Daniel, "Can America Govern Itself?", pp.120~150 (2019), Cambridge UP
- Sides, John, "Identity Crisis: The 2016 Presidential Campaign and the Battle for the Meaning of America" (2018), Princeton UP
- Skocpol, Theda, "The Tea Party and the Making of Republican Conservatism" (2012), Oxford UP
- Tarrow, Sidney, "Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics" (2011), Cambridge UP
- Tarrow, Sidney, "Movements and Parties: Critical Connections in American Political Development" (2021), Cambridge UP
- Tilly, Charles, "Social Movements, 1768-2018" (2020), Routledge
- Zernike, Kate, "Boiling Mad: Inside Tea Party Movement" (2010), Times Books, Henry Holt and Company