제3세계주의자들의 탈식민적 사유에 대한 이해와 성찰 - 근대적 주체에서 탈식민적 주체로
Understandings and Reflections on Decolonial Thought of Thirdworldists - From Modern Subject to Decolonial Subject
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탈식민 사유(Decolonial thought)는 포스트모더니즘, 포스트구조주의, 포스트-비판이론 등의 영향으로 1990-2000년 대를 전후해서 제3세계철학자들에 의해 닻을 올린 ‘신철학 운동’이다. 이 운동은 데카르트의 근대적 자아에 대한 비판을 기점으로 해서 유럽중심주의에 대한 비판 및 보편주의에 대한 회의로까지 그 연구 범위가 확대되고 있다. 탈식민적으로 사유하기는 ‘철학함’을 근원부터 재사유하면서 서구유럽적 보편주의와는 ‘다른 보편주의(an Other universalism)’을 세우는 것을 목표로 한다. 탈식민적으로 사유하기에서 근대를 수놓았던 “나는 누구인가?”라는 데카르트의 주체 개념은 “나는 ‘어디’에 있는 누구인가?”라는 물음으로 대체된다. 이렇게 ‘어디’라는 ‘사유의 장소’가 물음의 핵이 되면서 식민화된 주체, 소위 ‘하위주체’를 어떻게 탈식민화, 탈서구-유럽화할 것인지가 화두로 부상한다. 탈식민적 주체를 논한다는 것은 결국 유럽의 근대성과 식민성을 극복하는 것이 목표라는 것을 직감할 수 있으리라. 이는 식민화된 주체가 자신의 로컬에서 탈식민적 주체로 당당히 다시 설 때 비로소 가능한 일이다. 본고에서 우리는 포스트모더니즘, 포스트구조주의, 포스트-비판이론 이후 등장한 탈근대적 주체가 어떻게 탈식민 주체로 거듭나는지를 살펴보게 될 것이다.
Abstract
Decolonial thought is the ‘New philosophical movement’ that was anchored before or after the 1990s and 2000s by Third World philosophers who were under the influence of postmodernism, poststructuralism, and post-critical theories. This movement extends its scope from the critics about Descartes's modern self to those of Western Eurocentrism and Universalism. “Thinking Decolonially” aims to rethink “philosophy” from its roots and to establish an “Other universalism” which is different from that of Western Europe. Descartes's subject concept of the “Who am I?” which embroidered modernity in “thinking Decolonially”, is replaced by the question “Where am I?” Like this, As the ‘place of thought’ that denotes ‘where’ becomes the nucleus of the question, how to decolonize and de-westernize the colonized subject, the so-called ‘subaltern’ is highlighted as a topic. Discussing Decolonial subject may lead us to feel intuitively that the goal is to overcome the modernity and coloniality of Western-Europe. This is only possible when the colonized subject transforms itself from its locality to a decolonial subject. In this paper, we will examine how postmodern subject which has appeared after post-modernism, poststructuralism, and post-critical theory, is born again into Decolonial subject.
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