여래선(如來禪)과 조사선(祖師禪)의 수증관(修證觀)

Abstract

This article is to consider the conception of Josaseon( Patriarchal meditation) and Yeoraeseon(Tathagata meditation) in Seonjong(Seon Buddhism). There were various types of Seon meditations such as Sajongseon(The four kinds of meditation), Ojongseon(The five kinds of meditation), and so on, before appearing the concept of Josaseon(Patriarchal meditation), which has developed as the thought of Seon has advanced, originated from the doctrine of Mahāyāna(the Great Vehicle) and Hīnayāna(the Smaller Vehicle). The division of Josaseon(Patriarchal meditation) and Yeoraeseon(Tathagata meditation) emerged from Song Dynasty, which was to discuss each ideological difference and, merits and demerits of all thoughts of Seon popular at the time. The concept of Josaseon(Patriarchal meditation) puts emphasis on 'Dono(Sudden enlightenment)' and 'Danghajeuksi(On the spot is the true)'. However, the thought of it identifies Dongsan-Beopmun(East mountain Dharma gate) of Daoxin―Hongren, and Bukjong(Northern school) of Shenxiu who formally succeeded to them as Yeoraeseon(Tathagata meditation), and Yukjodangyoung(the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch) of the main text of Seon Buddhism, as Josaseon(Patriarchal meditation). Therefore, the concepts of Josaseon(Patriarchal meditation) and Yeoraeseon(Tathagata meditation) are discussed and Dongsan-Beopmun(East mountain Dharma gate), Bukjong(Northern school) and 'Sujeunggwan(the view of cultivation and realization of enlightenment)' in Yukjodangyeong(the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch) are considered and compared in this article. Dosin who launched Dongsan-Beopmun, adopted 'Jebulsim(all Buddha mind)' and 'Ilhaeng -Sammae(Samadhi of specific action)' as Beopyo(the essential of teaching) and arranged Yeombul(Chanting Buddha) and Jwaseon(Sitting meditation) for the concrete way to attain Ilhaeng-Sammae(Samadhi of specific action). This process is 'Suhangron(the theory of the discipline)' suggested by Daoxin. Also, as to Jeunggwa(The fruit of realization), the aim is to succeed to gain entry into Ilhaeng-Ssammae(Samadhi of specific action). Shenxiu of Bukjong(Northern school) suggests 'Daeseung-Obangpyeonmun(The gate of Mahayana five expedient menas) Shenxiu's theory of the discipline is 'Gansimganjeong(Observing the mind observing the purity) and Jeunggwa(The fruit of realization) through this discipline is to gain entry into 'Yeoraejang-Cheongjeongsim(The embryo of Tathagata pure mind)'. Reaching Yukjodangyeong(the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch), we see the thought of Seon has changed greatly, and especially the understanding of Bulseong(Buddha nature) has altered. This stance of 'Dono(Sudden enlightenment)' brings about change in the conventional 'the view of Sujeung(Cultivation and realization of enlightenment) ‘so to speak, the proposal of 'the three Nos', that is, 'No thought·No form·No abiding'. Accordingly, 'the three Nos' of 'No thought·No form·No abiding' is proposed as Suhaeng(The discipline) and Sujeung(The cultivation and realization of enlightenment). This 'Sujeung(the cultivation and realization of enlightenment)' of 'the three Nos' is converted into so called, Suhaeng(The discipline) of 'the discipline without discipline' and 'Jeunggwa(the fruit of realization)' of 'the realization without realization' which is stressed in later Josaseon(Patriarchal meditation).