1970년대 후반 한국의 안보위기와 핵개발정책이중적 핵정책에 관한 반(反)사실적 분석
Nuclear Strategy of South Korea in the Late 1970's:A Counterfactual Analysis of President Park Chung Hee's Dual-Purpose Nuclear Policy
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본 연구는 1970년대 후반 카터 행정부의 주한 미 지상군 철수계획이 본격화되면서 한국의 안보위기가 심화되는 상황에서 박정희 행정부가 왜 핵무기 개발을 재개하지 않았는가 하는 문제의식에서 출발한다. 박정희 대통령은 1970년대 초반의 핵무기 개발 노력이 미국의 반대로 무산된 이후로 평화적 핵정책으로 선회하였지만, 동시에 필요할 경우 단기간 내에 핵무기를 개발할 수 있는 능력을 배양하기 위한 시도를 병행하고 있었다. 이와 같은 “이중적 핵정책”의 선택이 어떻게 이루어지게 되었는가에 대해 본 연구에서는 반사실적 분석방법을 이용하여 설명하고 있다. 반사실적 분석은 역사적 사례연구에 있어서 나타나는 일반화의 어려움을 보완하는데 큰 도움을 줄 수 있는 기법으로서, 몇 가지 문제점에도 불구하고 역사적 접근방식과 사회과학적 접근방식을 통합하는 새로운 연구방법이라 할 수 있다.본 연구에서는 1970년대 후반 “만약 박정희 행정부가 완전하게 핵무기 개발을 포기했다면 어떻게 되었을까?” 그리고 “만약 박정희 행정부가 본격적으로 핵무기 개발을 재개했다면 어떻게 되었을까?”에 관한 반사실적 분석을 통하여 궁극적으로 그 중간적 형태인 “이중적 핵정책”을 택하게 된 동기를 설명하고자 한다. 아울러 이러한 옵션이 그동안 여러 비핵보유 국가에서 보여준 “신속핵선택전략(nuclear hedging)”의 일환으로서 어떠한 이론적 의미를 갖는가에 대해 논의하고 있다.
Abstract
This paper deals with the puzzle: “Why the Park Chung Hee regime in South Korea did not resume its nuclear bomb project, even at the security threat from the North Korea aggravated by Jimmy Carter's plan to pull out the United States forces in the Korean Peninsula in the late 1970s?” President Park gave up his nuclear bomb development strategy in the early 1970s due to the pressure from America. However, he set up a secret plan, called the “dual-purpose nuclear policy,” in order to increase South Korea's capabilities to develop nuclear bombs whenever necessary rather than resuming nuclear bomb development. This study explains how and why his dual-purpose nuclear policy was established, using the method of counterfactuals. This method of analysis helps to complement case studies by integrating traditional and social scientific approaches. The study presents two main hypotheses: “What if President Park had completely given up his nuclear bomb strategy in the late 1970s?” and “What if he had seriously resumed it?” Counterfactual analyses of these two hypotheses show why and how President Park decided to take the third way, the dual-purpose nuclear policy, at that time. The paper also discusses its theoretical implications, including its relations to the nuclear hedging behaviors shown by some non-nuclear countries.
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