본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

A Mixed-Methods Approach to Exploring EFL Listening Strategy Use: Bangladeshi Tertiary Learners’ Perceived and Task-Based Strategy Use

1

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

초록

This study explored strategy use as metacognition in action among tertiary-level learners in an inputpoor EFL context of Bangladesh. It specifically investigated relationship between strategy use and listening comprehension and differences between the less successful listeners (LSLs) and the more successful listeners (MSLs) in two conditions- off-line, perceived and on-line, task-based. Employing an explanatory mixed-methods design, data were collected in two phases: 1) perceived strategy use via a Listening Strategy Questionnaire and listening comprehension via a practice IELTS test from a larger sample of 388, 2) task-based strategy use via think aloud protocols and listening task performance from a subsample of 30. Data were analysed using Correlations and ANOVA in Phase I, and content analysis (Correlations and Mann-Whitney U) and thematic analysis in Phase II. Contrary to almost no significant findings in perceived strategy use, task-based strategy use revealed significant correlations for overall metacognitive strategies and several individual strategies. Task-based strategy use further revealed both significant and in-depth differences in strategy orchestration between the LSLs and MSLs. The study has methodological and pedagogical implications: triangulation of findings advocates for think aloud technique as a more productive and reliable tool; EFL listeners (particularly the LSLs) can benefit from the dynamic strategic behaviour of the MSLs.

Abstract

This study explored strategy use as metacognition in action among tertiary-level learners in an inputpoor EFL context of Bangladesh. It specifically investigated relationship between strategy use and listening comprehension and differences between the less successful listeners (LSLs) and the more successful listeners (MSLs) in two conditions- off-line, perceived and on-line, task-based. Employing an explanatory mixed-methods design, data were collected in two phases: 1) perceived strategy use via a Listening Strategy Questionnaire and listening comprehension via a practice IELTS test from a larger sample of 388, 2) task-based strategy use via think aloud protocols and listening task performance from a subsample of 30. Data were analysed using Correlations and ANOVA in Phase I, and content analysis (Correlations and Mann-Whitney U) and thematic analysis in Phase II. Contrary to almost no significant findings in perceived strategy use, task-based strategy use revealed significant correlations for overall metacognitive strategies and several individual strategies. Task-based strategy use further revealed both significant and in-depth differences in strategy orchestration between the LSLs and MSLs. The study has methodological and pedagogical implications: triangulation of findings advocates for think aloud technique as a more productive and reliable tool; EFL listeners (particularly the LSLs) can benefit from the dynamic strategic behaviour of the MSLs.

참고문헌 (71)

  1. Abedin, M. M., "Listening skill at tertiary level : A reflection", The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics, 2(3), pp.69~90 (2009)
  2. Alam, Z., "Developing listening skills for tertiary level learners", The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics, 2(3), pp.19~52 (2009)
  3. Aktar, T., "Tertiary level learners’ listening self knowledge in an"input poor"EFL context of Bangladesh", BELTA Journal, 4(1), pp.1~19 (2020)[DOI]
  4. Aktar, T., "Metacognition-strategy use and metacognitive knowledge-in EFL listening : A pilot study", Journal of Studies in English Language Teaching and Learning, 5(1), pp.1~23 (2020)[DOI]
  5. Banu, R., "Who is centric now? The present state of post-colonial Englishes", pp.123~157 (2001), Oxford University Press
  6. Braun, V., "Using thematic analysis in psychology", Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), pp.77~101 (2006)
  7. English listening and speaking assessment in Bangladesh Higher Secondary Schools: A baseline study, "Brunfaut, T.", Lancaster University, ~ (2017)
  8. Chao, J. Y. G, "The influence of strategy use on comprehension and recall of authentic English listening texts by Chinese students in Taiwan", Doctor, pp.1996
  9. Chaudhury, T. A., "Identifying the English language needs of humanities students at Dhaka University", The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics, 2(4), pp.59~91 (2010)
  10. Clement, J., "The impact of teaching explicit listening strategies to adult intermediate- and advanced-level ESL university students", Doctor, pp.2007
  11. Cohen, J., "Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences" (1988), Lawrence Erlbaum
  12. Cohen, A. D., "Fluctuation in the functions of language learner strategies", System, 74, pp.169~182 (2018)
  13. Creswell, J. W., "Designing and conducting mixed methods research" (2007), Sage Publications
  14. Cross, J., "The TESOL encyclopedia of English language teaching", pp.1~5 (2018)
  15. An observation study of English lessons in primary and secondary schools in Bangladesh - baseline study 3, "English in Action", ~ (2009)
  16. Ericson, K. A., "Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data" (1993), MIT Press
  17. Field, J., "Listening in the language classroom" (2008), Cambridge University Press
  18. Flavell, J. H., "Metacognition and cognitive monitoring : A new area of cognitive development enquiry", American Psychologist, 34, pp.906~911 (1979)
  19. Fujita, J. N., "A preliminary inquiry into the successful and unsuccessful listening strategies of beginning college Japanese students", Doctor, pp.1984
  20. Goh, C. C. M., "How ESL learners with different listening abilities use comprehension strategies and tactics", Language Teaching Research, 2, pp.124~147 (1998)[DOI]
  21. Goh, C. C. M., "Exploring listening comprehension tactics and their interaction patterns", System, 30(2), pp.185~206 (2002)[DOI]
  22. Goh, C. C. M., "Metacognitive instruction for second language listening development : Theory, practice and research implications", RELC Journal, 39(2), pp.188~213 (2008)[DOI]
  23. Graham, S., "Listening comprehension : The learners’ perspective", System, 34(2), pp.165~182 (2006)[DOI]
  24. Graham, S., "Strategy instruction in listening for lower-intermediate learners of French", Language Learning, 58, pp.747~783 (2008)[DOI]
  25. Graham, S., "Listening comprehension and strategy use : A longitudinal exploration", System, 36, pp.52~68 (2008)[DOI]
  26. Graham, S., "Strategy clusters and sources of knowledge in French L2 listening comprehension", Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 4(1), pp.1~20 (2010)[DOI]
  27. Graham, S., "Exploring the relationship between listening development and strategy use", Language Teaching Research, 15(4), pp.435~456 (2011)[DOI]
  28. Griffiths, C., "The twenty-first century landscape of language learning strategies : Introduction to this special issue", System, 43, pp.1~10 (2014)[DOI]
  29. Hamid, M. O., "Will CLT bail out the bogged down ELT in Bangladesh?", English Today, 24(3), pp.16~24 (2008)[DOI]
  30. Hamid, M. O., "Medium of instruction policies and language practices, ideologies and institutional divides : Voices of teachers and students in a private university in Bangladesh", Current Issues in Language Planning, 14(1), pp.144~163 (2013)
  31. Henner-Stanchina, C., "Autonomy as metacognitive awareness : Suggestions for training self-monitoring of listening comprehension", M’elangesP’edagogiques, 17, pp.69~84 (1987)
  32. Hedge, T., "Teaching and learning in the language classroom" (2001), Oxford University Press
  33. Hsiao, T. Y., "Comparing theories of language learning strategies : A confirmatory factor analysis", The Modern Language Journal, 86(3), pp.368~383 (2002)[DOI]
  34. Imhof, M., "What makes a good listener? Listening behavior in instructional settings", International Journal of Listening, 12(1), pp.81~105 (1998)
  35. Khan, S., "Perceived vs. task-based strategy use across three oral communication tasks", International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 49(1), pp.27~53 (2011)
  36. Ayako Kobayashi, "Investigating the Effects of Metacognitive Instruction in Listening for EFL Learners", Journal of Asia TEFL, 15(2), pp.310~328 (2018), 아시아테플
  37. Kök, İ., "Relationship between listening comprehension strategy use and listening comprehension proficiency", International Journal of Listening, 32(3), pp.163~179 (2018)[DOI]
  38. Liu, H. J., "A study of the interrelationship between listening strategy use, listening proficiency levels, and learning style", Annual Review of Education, Communication & Language Sciences, 5, pp.84~104 (2008)
  39. Low, A. R. L., "Investigating test-taking strategies in listening assessment : A comparative study of eye-tracking and self-report questionnaires", International Journal of Listening, 37(2), pp.93~112 (2021)[DOI]
  40. Macaro, E., "Language learner strategies: Thirty years of research and practice", pp.165~185 (2007), Oxford University Press
  41. Maniruzzaman, M., "Phonetic and phonological problems encountered by the Bengali speaking EFL learner : How can they be overcome", Jahangirnagar Review, 17, pp.45~57 (2006)
  42. Miles, M. B., "Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook" (1994), sage
  43. Brett Milliner, "Explicit Listening Strategy Training for ELF Learners", Journal of Asia TEFL, 16(3), pp.833~858 (2019), 아시아테플
  44. Murphy, J. M, "An investigation into listening strategies of ESL college students", Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (1985)
  45. Nix, J. M. L., "Measuring latent listening strategies : Development and validation of the EFL listening strategy inventory", System, 57, pp.79~97 (2016)[DOI]
  46. O’Malley, J. M., "Learning strategies in second language acquisition" (1990), Cambridge University Press
  47. O’Malley, J. M., "Listening comprehension strategies in second language acquisition", Applied Linguistics, 10(4), pp.418~437 (1989)
  48. Oxford, R. L., "Teaching and researching language learning strategies: Self-regulation in context" (2016), Routledge
  49. Pallant, J., "SPSS survival manual" (2007), McGraw Hill
  50. Peters, M, "The listening comprehension strategies of students in an intensive French as a Second Language program", Doctor, pp.1999
  51. Podder, J, "Barriers and enablers for teachers assessing listening and speaking skills at secondary level in Bangladesh", Master, pp.2010
  52. Renandya, W. A., "Five reasons why listening strategy instruction might not work with lower proficiency learners", English Language Teaching, 3, pp.43~64 (2012)
  53. Rost, M., "Teaching and researching listening" (2011), Longman
  54. Seyedehsima Sadatmir, "The Association between Metacognitive Listening Strategy Use and Listening Comprehension Problems among Malaysian ESL Students", Journal of Asia TEFL, 19(2), pp.489~507 (2022), 아시아테플
  55. Seo, K., "Intervening in tertiary students' strategic listening in Japanese as a foreign language", Doctor, pp.2000
  56. Serri, F., "Cognitive, metacognitive, and social", affective strategies in listening comprehension and their relationships with individual differences, 2012, pp.2(4), 843~
  57. Smidt, E., "Effects of online academic lectures on ESL listening comprehension, incidental vocabulary acquisition, and strategy use", Computer Assisted Language Learning, 17(5), pp.517~556 (2004)
  58. Tashakkori, A, "Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioural research", pp.701~ (2003), Sage
  59. Thomas, N., "Do language learning strategies need to be self-directed? Disentangling strategies from self-regulated learning", TESOL Quarterly, 53(1) (2018)
  60. Vandergrift, L., "The comprehension strategies of second language(French)listeners : A descriptive study", Foreign Language Annals, 30(3), pp.387~409 (1997)
  61. Vandergrift, L., "Successful and less successful listeners in French : What are the differences", The French Review, 71(3), pp.370~395 (1998)
  62. Vandergrift, L., "Orchestrating strategy use : Toward a model of the skilled second language listener", Language Learning, 53(3), pp.463~496 (2003)[DOI]
  63. Vandergrift, L., "Recent developments in second and foreign language listening comprehension research", Language Teaching, 40(3), pp.191~210 (2007)[DOI]
  64. Vandergrift, L., "Teaching and learning second language listening: Metacognition in action" (2012), Routledge
  65. Vandergrift, L., "The Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire(MALQ) : Development and validation", Language Learning, 56, pp.431~462 (2006)[DOI]
  66. Wakamoto, N., "Learning to listen strategically : Developing a listening comprehension strategies questionnaire for learning English as a global language", System, 103, pp.102670~ (2021)[DOI]
  67. Young, M. Y. C, "Listening comprehension strategies used by university level Chinese students learning English as a second language", Doctor, pp.1996
  68. Zeng, Y., "A self-regulated learning approach to extensive listening and its impact on listening achievement and metacognitive awareness", Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(2), pp.193~218 (2018)
  69. Zhang, L. J., "Making a case for the skills", strategies approach to L2 listening development, 2008, pp.7(2), 119~128
  70. Zhang, D., "Awareness about strategy knowledge and perceived strategy use in English oral communication : A case of Singaporean students", Language Awareness, 15, pp.199~219 (2006)[DOI]
  71. Zhang, L. J., "Language learning strategy research in system : Looking back and looking forward", System, 84, pp.87~92 (2019)[DOI]

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (19건)