Effect of Sub-minimal Inhibitory Concentration of Chlorhexidine on Biofilm Formation and Coaggregation of Early Colonizers, Streptococci and Actinomycetes
2
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Chlorhexidine has long been used in mouth washes for the control of dental caries, gingivitis and dental plaque. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial substance to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Concentrations lower than the MIC are called sub minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs). Many studies have reported that sub-MICs of antimicrobial substances can affect the virulence of bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sub-MIC chlorhexidine on biofilm formation and coaggregation of oral early colonizers, such as Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces odontolyticus. The biofilm formation of S. gordonii, A. naeslundii and A. odontolyticus was not affected by sub-MIC chlorhexidine. However, the biofilm formation of S. mutans increased after incubation with sub-MIC chlorhexidine. In addition, cell surface hydrophobicity of S. mutans treated with sub-MIC of chlorhexidine, decreased when compared with the group not treated with chlorhexidine. However, significant differences were seen with other bacteria. Coaggregation of A. naeslundii with A. odontolyticus reduced by sub-MIC chlorhexidine, whereas the coaggreagation of A. naeslundii with S. gordonii remained unaffected. These results indicate that sub-MIC chlorhexidine could influence the binding properties, such as biofilm formation, hydrophobicity and coaggregation, in early colonizing streptococci and actinomycetes.
Abstract
Chlorhexidine has long been used in mouth washes for the control of dental caries, gingivitis and dental plaque. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial substance to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Concentrations lower than the MIC are called sub minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs). Many studies have reported that sub-MICs of antimicrobial substances can affect the virulence of bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sub-MIC chlorhexidine on biofilm formation and coaggregation of oral early colonizers, such as Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces odontolyticus. The biofilm formation of S. gordonii, A. naeslundii and A. odontolyticus was not affected by sub-MIC chlorhexidine. However, the biofilm formation of S. mutans increased after incubation with sub-MIC chlorhexidine. In addition, cell surface hydrophobicity of S. mutans treated with sub-MIC of chlorhexidine, decreased when compared with the group not treated with chlorhexidine. However, significant differences were seen with other bacteria. Coaggregation of A. naeslundii with A. odontolyticus reduced by sub-MIC chlorhexidine, whereas the coaggreagation of A. naeslundii with S. gordonii remained unaffected. These results indicate that sub-MIC chlorhexidine could influence the binding properties, such as biofilm formation, hydrophobicity and coaggregation, in early colonizing streptococci and actinomycetes.
참고문헌 (37)
- Addy M, "Wade WG. The formation and control of dental plaque--an overview", J Appl Bacteriol, 73, pp.269~278 (1992)
- Braga PC, "Sub-MIC concentrations of cefodizime interfere with various factors affecting bacterial virulence", J Antimicrob Chemother, 45, pp.15~25 (2000)[DOI]
- Lorian V, "Medical relevance of low concentrations of antibiotics", J Antimicrob Chemother, 31(Suppl D), pp.137~148 (1993)[DOI]
- A. P. Fonseca, "Effect of subinhibitory concentration of piperacillin", tazobactam on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2004, pp.53(9), 903~910[DOI]
- Lorian V, "Abnormal forms of bacteria produced by antibiotics", Am J Clin Pathol, 64, pp.678~688 (1975)
- G Raponi, "Enhanced phagocytosis of encapsulated Escherichia coli strains after exposure to sub-MICs of antibiotics is correlated to changes of the bacterial cell surface.", Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 34(2), pp.332~336 (1990), American Society for Microbiology[DOI]
- Chopra I, "The antibacterial effects of low concentrations of antibiotics", Adv Microb Physiol, 28, pp.211~259 (1986)
- P.D. Marsh, "Microbiological Aspects of the Chemical Control of Plaque and Gingivitis", Journal of Dental Research, 71(7), pp.1431~1438 (1992), SAGE Publications[DOI]
- Irwin D. Mandel, "Chemotherapeutic agents for controlling plaque and gingivitis", Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 15(8), pp.488~498 (1988), Wiley-Blackwell[DOI]
- Hjeljord LG, "Chlorhexidine-protein interactions", J Periodontal Res Suppl, 12, pp.11~16 (1973)
- W. B. HUGO, "Some aspects of the mode of action of chlorhexidine", Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 16(10), pp.655~662 (1964), Wiley-Blackwell[DOI]
- L. B. Freitas, "The binding of delmopinol and chlorhexidine to Streptococcus mutans and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains with varying degrees of surface hydrophobicity", Oral Microbiology and Immunology, 8(6), pp.355~360 (1993), Wiley-Blackwell[DOI]
- L. B. Freitas, "Interactions of chlorhexidine with salivary films adsorbed at solid", liquid and air, Journal of Periodontal Research, pp.1993, 28(2)[DOI]
- Gisselsson H, "Effect of professional flossing with chlorhexidine gel on approximal caries in 12-to 15-year-old schoolchildren", Caries Res, 22, pp.187~192 (1988)
- L. B. Freitas, "Interactions of chlorhexidine with salivary films adsorbed at solid", liquid and air, Journal of Periodontal Research, pp.1993, 28(2)[DOI]
- C. K. Hope, "Analysis of the Effects of Chlorhexidine on Oral Biofilm Vitality and Structure Based on Viability Profiling and an Indicator of Membrane Integrity", Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 48(5), pp.1461~1468 (2004), American Society for Microbiology[DOI]
- Meurman JH, "Ultrastructure, growth, and adherence of Streptococcus mutans after treatment with chlorhexidine and fluoride", Caries Res, 22, pp.283~287 (1988)
- Liping Dong, "Effects of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation", International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 39(5), pp.390~395 (2012), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- Kolenbrander PE, "Adhere today, here tomorrow:Oral bacterial adherence", J Bacteriol, 175, pp.3247~3252 (1993)
- Gibbons RJ, "Interbacterial aggregation of plaque bacteria", Arch Oral Biol, 15, pp.1397~1400 (1970)
- Ruth G. Ledder, "Coaggregation between and among human intestinal and oral bacteria", FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 66(3), pp.630~636 (2008), Oxford University Press (OUP)[DOI]
- Richard N. Smith, "Inhibition of intergeneric coaggregation among oral bacteria by cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine digluconate and octenidine dihydrochloride", Journal of Periodontal Research, 26(5), pp.422~428 (1991), Wiley-Blackwell[DOI]
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically, M07-A8, vol. 29, no. 2, 8th ed., "Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically" (2009), CLSI
- 박종화, "A periodontitis-associated multispecies model of an oral biofilm", Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science, 44(2), pp.79~84 (2014), 대한치주과학회
- Lee SY, "Effects of subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations on Porphyromonas gingivalis fibrinogen and hemin binding", Intern J Oral Biol, 24, pp.121~127 (1999)
- Hamada N, "Construction and characterization of a fimA mutant of Porphyromonas gingivalis", Infect Immun, 62, pp.1696~1704 (1994)
- 이소연, "Effect of Sub-Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations of Antibiotics on Biofilm Formation and Coaggregation of Streptococci and Actinomycetes", International Journal of Oral Biology, 40(4), pp.189~196 (2015), 대한구강생물학회[DOI]
- Lee SY, "Effects of chlorhexidine digluconate and hydrogen peroxide on Porphyromonas gingivalis hemin binding and coaggregation with oral streptococci", J Oral Sci, 43, pp.1~7 (2001)
- Cisar JO, "Specificity of coaggregation reactions between human oral streptococci and strains of Actinomyces viscosus or Actinomyces naeslundii", Infect Immun, 24, pp.742~752 (1979)
- Duygu Kara, "Differences between single- and dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella parvula in growth, acidogenicity and susceptibility to chlorhexidine", European Journal of Oral Sciences, 114(1), pp.58~63 (2006), Wiley-Blackwell[DOI]
- Jones CG, "Chlorhexidine: Is it still the gold standard?", Periodontol, 15, pp.55~62 (2000)
- Bonesvoll P, "Retention of chlorhexidine in the human oral cavity after mouth rinses", Arch Oral Biol, 19, pp.209~212 (1974)
- Ellepola AN, "The effect of limited exposure to Antimycotics on the relative cell-surface hydrophobicity and the adhesion of oral Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells", Arch Oral Biol, 43, pp.879~887 (1998)
- Gibbons RJ, "Comparative hydrophobicities of oral bacteria and their adherence to salivary pellicles", Infect Immun, 41, pp.1190~1196 (1983)
- Ana C, "Influence of subinhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials on hydrophobicity, adherence and ultra-structure of Fusobacterium nucleatum", Braz J Microbiol, 33, pp.178~184 (2002)
- Cai S, "Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of chemical agents on hydrophobicity and in vitro adherence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis", Caries Res, 28, pp.335~341 (1994)
- Kolenbrander, P. E, "London, J. Ecological significance of coaggregation among oral bacteria", Adv Microb Ecol, 12, pp.183~217 (1992)