마루야마 마사오에서의 ‘개인’과 ‘시민’: ‘주체’ 문제와 관련해서

Abstract

This paper focuses on Maruyama as an intellect who takes responsibility of his actions and his words on actual society. He is well-known for emphasizing the freedom of conscience, the establishment of moral subject, the self-reflection, and the understanding of others. For that reason, this paper attempts to consider his thoughts on the concept of an ‘individual’ and a ‘citizen’ that he might not had chance to speak about with the new focus on the aspects of ‘(political) subject.’After the World War II, the concept of ‘democracy’ was used rather passively in Japan. In Japanese society, ‘democracy’ did not exist as an active definition on to itself; it was a tool to break away from the other concepts, such as ‘ultra nationalism,’ ‘Japanese fascism,’and ‘militarism,’ or a goal to be pursued. Related to this statement, the basis or the starting point of Maruyama was liberalism in all respects as his recent writings suggest. The prime notion is that he was a liberalist. However, he did not stay as a liberalist; he was not a libertarianist. He used ‘liberalism’as his basis and pursued ‘democratization’ within the systematic relationship between an ‘individual’ and the ‘society.’In short, Maruyama thought about the ‘subject’ as the one who bears both freedom as the individual and responsibility as the citizen. In his thoughts, the ‘subject’ is capable of ‘subjective deliberation’ as both ‘individual’ and ‘citizen.’ In other words, it is the individual who is the citizen and the citizen who is the individual at the same time. Such ‘political subject’ will be able to seek individual freedom and citizen’s responsibility by constantly being cautious over both the past ideas of ‘militarism,’ ‘fascism,’ and ‘ultra nationalism’ (right wing fascism or totalitarianism) and the other notions of ‘public society,’ ‘populism,’ and ‘people’s populism’ (left wing totalitarianism).