본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

White Americans' Racial Attitudes Revisited: The Role of Cognitive Engagement

3

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류정치외교학

초록

This article introduces the studies on racial attitudes of white Americans and critically reviews them. Drawing on information processing perspective, I point out that literature on white racial attitudes is barely successful in accounting for the reasons why white citizens who are committed to the principle of racial equality oppose race-targeted public policies. I argue that racial policy preferences are driven not only by political and racial predispositions, but also by the different levels of cognitive engagement in issues: individuals use different amount of relevant information in forming policy preferences, which in turn leads individuals to arrive at different understandings of racial matters.

Abstract

This article introduces the studies on racial attitudes of white Americans and critically reviews them. Drawing on information processing perspective, I point out that literature on white racial attitudes is barely successful in accounting for the reasons why white citizens who are committed to the principle of racial equality oppose race-targeted public policies. I argue that racial policy preferences are driven not only by political and racial predispositions, but also by the different levels of cognitive engagement in issues: individuals use different amount of relevant information in forming policy preferences, which in turn leads individuals to arrive at different understandings of racial matters.

참고문헌 (154)

  1. "?The Four Horseman of Automaticity and Control in Social Cognition ? In R Handbook of Social Cognition" (1994)
  2. "The automaticity of everyday life", 10 (1997), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
  3. "The Cognitive Monster" (1999), New York: Guilford Press
  4. "?The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect ? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62", pp.893~912 (1992)
  5. "The automatic evaluation effect: Unconditional automatic attitude activation with a pronunciation task", 32, pp.185~210 (1996)
  6. "Automaticity of Social Behavior: Direct Effects of Trait Construct and Stereotype Activation on Action", 71(2), pp.230~244 (1996)
  7. "?White Opposition to Busing Symbolic Racism or Realistic Group Conflict?? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45", pp.1196~1210 (1983)
  8. "?Opposition to Race-Targeting", pp.443~464 (1993)
  9. "Perceptions of Racial Group Competition: Extending Blumer?s Theory of Group Position to A Multicultural Social Context", 61, pp.951~972 (1996)
  10. "All Against All: How beliefs about Human Nature Shape Foreign Policy Opinions", 23(1), pp.39~58 (2002)
  11. "The University of Chicago Press" (1964)
  12. "Race and the Transformation of American Politics" (1989), Princeton Princeton University Press
  13. "and the Logic of Public Opinion in American Political Representation ? In Information and Democratic Processes University of Illinois Press" (1990), ?Incentives
  14. "?Heuristic versus Systematic Information Processing and the Use of Source versus Message Cues in Persuasion Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39", pp.752~768 (1980)
  15. "?Heuristic and Systematic Information Processing within and beyond the Persuasion Context ? In J" (1989)
  16. "Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology" (1999), New York: Guilford Press
  17. "? American Journal of Political Science 28", pp.95~126 (1984)
  18. "?The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics ? In David E" (1964), Free Press
  19. "The roots of contemporary African-American political ideologies University of Chicago Press" (1994)
  20. "Slowly Coming to Grips with the Effects of the American Racial Order on American Policy Preferences" (2000), Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press
  21. "Black Visions: The roots of contemporary African-American political ideologies" (2001), Chicago: University of Chicago Press
  22. "What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters" (1996), New Haven: Yale University Press
  23. "? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56", pp.5~18 (1989)
  24. "?The Role of Discrepancy Associated Affect in Prejudice Reduction ? in D Interactive Processes in Intergroup Perception" (1993), Academic Press
  25. "The Regulation of Explicit and Implicit Race Bias: The Role of Motivations to Respond Without Prejudice", 82(5), pp.835~848 (2002)
  26. "the Contents of their Cognitive representations ? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 22", pp.22~37 (1986)
  27. "On the Nature of Prejudice: Automatic and Controlled Process", 33, pp.510~540 (1997)
  28. "An Economic Theory of Democracy" (1957)
  29. "Political Preference Formation: Competition, Deliberation, and the (Ir)relevance of Framing Effects", 98(4), pp.671~686 (2004)
  30. "Framing and Deliberation: How citizens, conversation limit elite influence", 47, pp.729~745 (2003)
  31. "The Psychology of Attitudes" (1993), Harcourt College Publishers
  32. "The Impact of Race and Taxes on American Politics" (1991), Norton & Company
  33. "The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America" (2000), Chicago: The University of Chicago Press
  34. "?Multiple Processes by which Attitudes Guide Behavior The Mode Model as an Integrative Framework ? Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 23", pp.75~109 (1990)
  35. "?Attitude accessibility as a moderator of the attitude-perception and attitude-behavior relations An investigation of the 1984 presidential election ? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51", pp.505~514 (1986)
  36. "Categorization by Race: The Impact of Automatic and Controlled Components of Racial Prejudice", 33(5), pp.451~470 (1997)
  37. "Variability in Auotomatic Activation as an Unobtrusive Measure of Racial Attitudes: A Bona Fide Pipeline", 69, pp.1013~1027 (1995)
  38. "When Do Welfare Attitudes Become Racialized? The Paradoxical Effects of Education", 48, pp.374~391 (2004)
  39. "Racism, Ideology, and Affirmative Action Revisited: the Antecedents and Consequences of "Principled Objections" to Affirmative Action", 82(4), pp.488~502 (2002)
  40. "?Structure and Consistency in Public Opinion the Role of Core Beliefs and Values ? American Journal of Political Science 416-440" (1988)
  41. "Answering Survey Questions: The Measurement and Meaning of Public Opinion" (1995), MI: University of Michigan Press
  42. "Racial Resentment and White Opposition to Race-Conscious Programs: Principles or Prejudice", 49(1), pp.168~183 (2005)
  43. "?The Political Culture of Ambivalence Ideological Responses to the Welfare State ? American Journal of Political Science 36", pp.268~307 (1992)
  44. "New Directions for Democratic Reform" (1992), Yale University Press
  45. "? In Richard R The 19th Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition" (1986)
  46. "The Impact of Power on Stereotyping", pp.621~628 (1993)
  47. "Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination" (1998), New York: McGraw-Hill
  48. "?A Continuum of Impression Formation from Category-based to Individuating Processes Influences of Information and Motivation on Attention and Interpretation ? In M Advances in experimental social psychology 23", pp.1~74 (1990), Academic Press
  49. "Uneasy Alliances: Race and Party Competition in America" (1999), Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
  50. "Racial Attitudes and Opposition to Welfare", 57(4), pp.994~1014 (1995)
  51. "Race Coding and White Opposition to Welfare", 90(3), pp.593~604 (1996)
  52. "White Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Anti-poverty Policy" (1999), Chicago: Chicago University Press
  53. "Political Ignorance and Collective Policy Preferences", 95(2), pp.379~396 (2005)
  54. "Affirmative Action and the Politics of Realignment", 28(1), pp.159~183 (1998)
  55. "The ?Race Card? Revisited: Assessing Racial Priming in Policy Contests", 50(2), pp.421~440 (2006)
  56. "Public Perceptions of Race and Crime: The Role of Racial Stereotypes", 41(2), pp.375~401 (1997)
  57. "Perception and Prejudice: Race and Politics in the United States" (1998), New Heaven: Yale University Press
  58. "Racial Stereotypes and Whites' Political Views of Blacks in the Context of Welfare and Crime", 41(1), pp.30~60 (1997)
  59. "Political Context, Issue Salience, and Selective Attentiveness: Constituent Knowledge of the Clarence Thomas Confirmation Vote", 63(3), pp.846~868 (2001)
  60. "The Centrality of race in American Politics", 7, pp.383~408 (2004)
  61. "University of Chicago Press" (1991)
  62. "News That Matters The University of Chicago Press" (1987)
  63. "Considered Opinions on US Foreign Policy: Face to Face versus Online Deliberative Polling" (2003), New Orleans
  64. "?Diversity and Complexity in American Public Opinion The State of the Discipline" (1983)
  65. "Cracks in American Apartheid: The Political Impact of Prejudice among Desegregated Whites", 57(2), pp.402~424 (1995)
  66. "Symbolic Racism versus Racial Threats to the Good Life ? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40", pp.414~431 (1981)
  67. "Exploring the Racial Divide: Blacks, Whites, and Opinion on National Policy", 45(2), pp.439~453 (2001)
  68. "Divided By Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals" (1996), Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
  69. "The Challenges of Political Psychology: Lessons to Be Learned from Research on Attitude Perception" (2002), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  70. "Privacy ad he Expression of White racial Attitudes: A Comparison across Three Contexts", 62, pp.506~544 (1998)
  71. "A Cautionary Tale of Citizen Cue-taking ? Journal of Politics", pp.729~751 (1994)
  72. "Racial Attitudes and the ?New South", 59, pp.323~349 (1997)
  73. "Racial Prejudice and Attitudes toward Affirmative Action", 4, pp.402~419 (1997)
  74. "Reconsidering the rational Public: Cognition, Heuristics, and Mass Opinion" (2000), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  75. "Conceptual Foundations of Citizen Competence", 23(3), pp.285~311 (2001)
  76. "Thinking about Political Psychology" (2002), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  77. "Motivated reasoning with Stereotypes: Activation, Application, and Inhibition", 10(10), pp.12~22 (1999)
  78. "?The Case for Motivated Reasoning", pp.480~498 (1990)
  79. "Information Search during an Election Campaign: Introducing a Processing-Tracing Methodology for Political Scientists" (1995), Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
  80. "A Process Tracing Study of Decision Making During Political Campaigns ? Paper presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association" (1994)
  81. "Voting Correctly", 91(3), pp.585~598 (1997)
  82. "An Experimental Study of Information Search, Memory, and Decision-Making during a Political Campaign" (2001), New York: Cambridge University Press
  83. "Advantages and Disadvantages of Cognitive Heuristics in Political Decision Making", 45(4), pp.951~971 (2001)
  84. "Three Steps toward A Theory of Motivated Political Reasoning" (2001), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  85. "Political Judgment: Structure and Process" (1995), Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
  86. "Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections", pp.63~76 (1994)
  87. "The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know?" (1998), Cambridge University Press
  88. "Elements of Reason: Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality" (2000), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  89. "? American Journal of Political Science 31", pp.856~899 (1987)
  90. "Political Psychology, Political Behavior, and Politics: Questions of Aggregation, Causal Distance, and Taste" (2002), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  91. "Considered Opinions: Deliberative Polling in Britain", 32(3), pp.455~487 (2002)
  92. "Considered Opinions on U.S. Foreign Policy: Face-to-Face versus Online Deliberative Polling" (2004)
  93. "University of Chicago Press" (1983)
  94. "? In Dovidio J" (1986), Academic Press
  95. "? Journal of Social Issues 32", pp.23~46 (1976)
  96. "Contributions of the Cognitive Approach to Political Psychology", 21(4), pp.805~832 (2000)
  97. "?On-Line Processing in Candidate Evaluation The Effects of Issue Order", pp.41~58 (1990)
  98. "Executing Hortons: Racial Crime in the 1988 Presidential Campa", 61, pp.134~157 (1997)
  99. "The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality" (2001), Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
  100. "Brining the Group Back Into Political Psychology: Erik H. Erikson Early Career Award Address", 26(4), pp.637~650 (2005)
  101. "?Public Opinion and Heuristic Processing of Source Cues", pp.167~192 (1993)
  102. "Fifty Years of Trends in Americans? Policy Preferences The University of Chicago Press" (1992)
  103. "?A Hierarchical Model of Attitude Constraints ? American Journal of Political Science 29", pp.871~890 (1985)
  104. "The Racial Components of Race-Neutral Crime Policy Attitudes", 23(1), pp.59~75 (2002)
  105. "Racial Stereotypes and Whites? Political Views of Blacks in the Context of Welfare and Crime", 41, pp.30~60 (1997)
  106. "Elaboration Likelihood Model: Current Status and Controversies" (1999), New York: Guilford Press
  107. "Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change" (1986), Springer-Verlag
  108. "?The Role of Affect in the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion ? In L", do(hew) (1988)
  109. "Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns University of Chicago Press" (1991)
  110. "Alternative Measures of News Reception and Their Implication for Research", pp.133~164 (1993), Vincent
  111. "?Comprehension's Role in Persuasion The Case of Its Moderating Effect on the Persuasive Impact of Source Cues ? The Journal of Consumer Research 18", pp.52~62 (1991)
  112. "What Voters Do: Information Search during Election Campaigns", 25, pp.595~610 (2004)
  113. "Hot cognition or cool consideration: Testing the effects of motivated reasoning on political decision making", 64(4), pp.1021~1044 (2002)
  114. "You must remember this: A test of the on-line model of voting", 63, pp.29~58 (2001)
  115. "Searching for Common Ground between Supporters and Opponents of Affirmative Action", 25(5), pp.667~682 (2005)
  116. "Research on Human Behavior A systematic Guide to Method" (1972)
  117. "Racial Attitudes in America, Cambridge" (1997), MA: Harvard University Press
  118. "?College Sophomores in the Laboratory Influences of a Narrow Data Base on Social Psychology?s Views of Human Nature ? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51", pp.515~530 (1986)
  119. "? In Phyllis A Profiles in Controversy" (1988), Plenum Press
  120. "Is it Really Racism? The Origins of White Americans? Opposition to race-Targeted Policies", 61(1), pp.16~53 (1997)
  121. "Racialized Politics: Values, Ideology, and Prejudice in American Public Opinion" (2000), Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press
  122. "Race in American Politics" (2000), Chicago: The University of Chicago Press
  123. "A Country of Strangers: Blacks and Whites in America" (1997), New York: Vintage Books
  124. "?The Psychology of Group Conflict and the Dynamic of Oppression? A Social Dominance Perspective ? In Shanto Iyengar and W Current Approaches to Political Psychology" (1993), Duke University Press
  125. "?A Comparison of Symbolic Racism Theory and Social Dominance Theory as Explanations for Racial Policy Attitudes ? Journal of Social Psychology 132", pp.377~396 (1993)
  126. "Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression" (2001), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  127. "Models of Bounded Rationality" (1982), MIT Press
  128. "?Human Nature in Politics The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science", pp.293~304 (1985)
  129. "Innovations in Experimental Design in Attitudes Surveys", 22, pp.377~399 (1996)
  130. "The Politics of Race" (2000), Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press
  131. "The Scar of Race Belknap Press of Harvard University Press" (1993)
  132. "Reaching beyond Race, Cambridge" (1997), Mass.; London: Harvard University Press
  133. "Explorations in Political Psychology" (1991), Cambridge University Press
  134. "Understanding Whites? resistance to Affirmative Action: The Role of Principled Commitments and Racial Prejudice" (1998), New Haven: Yale University Press
  135. "The Polls-Trends: Affirmative Action and the Public, 1970-1995", 60(1), pp.128~158 (1996)
  136. "?A Simulated Comparison of Models of Electoral Decision Making ? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association" (1992)
  137. "The Motivated Construction of Political Judg" (2001), New York: Cambridge University Press
  138. "?Political Psychology or Politicized Psychology Is the Road t Scientific Hell Paved with Good Moral Intentions?? Political Psychology 15", pp.509~529 (1994)
  139. "?Judgment under Uncertainty", pp.1124~1131 (1974), Amos and Daniel Kaheneman
  140. "The Case of Spontaneous Trait Inferences", pp.337~354 (1987)
  141. "People as flexible interpreters: Evidence and issues from spontaneous trait inference", 28, pp.211~279 (1996)
  142. "Crime News and the Priming of Racial Attitudes During Evaluations of the President", 63(3), pp.293~320 (1999)
  143. "Review of The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality by Tali Mendelberg", 65(4), pp.607~610 (2001)
  144. "Cues that Matter: How Political Ads Prime Racial Attitudes During Campaigns", 96(1), pp.75~90 (2002)
  145. "?Ironic processes of mental control", pp.34~52 (1994)
  146. "Flexible correction processes in social judgment: the role of naive theories in corrections for perceived bias", 68(1), pp.36~51 (1995)
  147. "Thought suppression", 51, pp.59~91 (2000)
  148. "Beyond Welfare: Framing and the Racialization of White Opinion on Social Security", 50(2), pp.400~420 (2006)
  149. "What?s Your Temperature? Thermometer Ratings and Political Analysis" (1999), Atlanta, GA
  150. "? In S Explorations in Political Psychology", pp.296~315 (1993), Duke University Press
  151. "Memory and Cognition in its Social Context" (1989)
  152. "The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion" (1992), Cambridge University Press
  153. "?A Simple Theory of the Survey Response ? American Journal of Political Science 36", pp.579~616 (1992)
  154. "Neurological disassociations of social perception processes", 18, pp.223~251 (2000)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (6건)