본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

An Overdue Critical Look at Soft Power Measurement: The Construct Validity of the Soft Power 30 in Focus

0

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류정치외교학

초록

In the vast scholarship on soft power, researchers continue to disagree about the measurement of soft power and soft power resources. There is also a neglect of the issue of construct validity. Calling attention to the unsettled state of measurement affairs, this study brings to light the literature’s twofold disagreement: the first over the operational definitions of soft power and the second over whether indicators are of soft power resources or not. This study then goes further to assess the Soft Power 30 project, an exemplar index of soft power resources as recognized by Nye, as a showcase for assessing construct validity. Results show the project is problematic in two ways—it confuses the distinction between means of soft power and outcomes of soft power, and it overlooks the military as an essential dimension of soft power resources. This study concludes by proposing ways to render the index not only more valid for measurement but also more fruitful for substantial theory building, followed by a call for future research to address disagreements over the operational definitions of soft power.

Abstract

In the vast scholarship on soft power, researchers continue to disagree about the measurement of soft power and soft power resources. There is also a neglect of the issue of construct validity. Calling attention to the unsettled state of measurement affairs, this study brings to light the literature’s twofold disagreement: the first over the operational definitions of soft power and the second over whether indicators are of soft power resources or not. This study then goes further to assess the Soft Power 30 project, an exemplar index of soft power resources as recognized by Nye, as a showcase for assessing construct validity. Results show the project is problematic in two ways—it confuses the distinction between means of soft power and outcomes of soft power, and it overlooks the military as an essential dimension of soft power resources. This study concludes by proposing ways to render the index not only more valid for measurement but also more fruitful for substantial theory building, followed by a call for future research to address disagreements over the operational definitions of soft power.

참고문헌 (57)

  1. Anholt, Simon, "Competitive Identity: The New Brand Management for Nations" (2007), Palgrave MacMillan
  2. Jean-Marc F. Blanchard, "Thinking Hard About Soft Power: A Review and Critique of the Literature on China and Soft Power", Asian Perspective, 36(4), pp.565~589 (2012), 극동문제연구소
  3. Bollen, Kenneth A., "Subjective Measures of Liberal democracy", Comparative Political Studies, 33(1), pp.58~86 (2000)
  4. Buhmann, Alexander, "Measuring Country Image: Theory, Method, and Effects" (2016), Springer VS
  5. Buhmann, Alexander, "The 4D Model of the Country Image: An Integrative Approach from the Perspective of communication Management", The International Communication Gazette, 77(1), pp.102~124 (2015)
  6. Carmines, Edward, "The SAGE Encyclopedia Social Science Research Methods" (2004), SAGE
  7. Chen, Ni, "Branding national Images: the 2008 Beijing Summer olympics, 2010 Shanghai World Expo, and 2010 Guangzhou Asian Game", Public Relations Review, 38, pp.731~745 (2012)
  8. Chen, Hualin, "Medals, Media and Myth of national Images: How chinese Audiences thought of countries during the Beijing olympics", Public Relations Review, 38(5), pp.755~764 (2012)
  9. Cronbach, Lee, "Construct Validity in Psychological tests", Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), pp.281~302 (1955)
  10. Dinnie, Keith, "Nation Branding: Concepts, Issues, Practice" (2008), Elsevier
  11. Fan, Ying, "Soft Power: Power of Attraction or confusion?", Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 4(2), pp.147~158 (2008)
  12. Fishbein, Martin, "Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research" (1975), Addison-Wesley
  13. Fullerton, Jami, "Attitude change among u.S. Adults after the castro-obama Announcement: the role of Soft Power in Agenda Setting", Palgrave Communications, pp.1~9 (2017)
  14. Gilboa, Eytan, "The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication", pp.1~9 (2015), John Wiley & Sons
  15. Goldsmith, Benjamin, "In Search of Soft Power: does Foreign Public opinion Matter for uS Foreign Policy?", World Politics, 64(3), pp.555~585
  16. Goldsmith, Benjamin, "Doing Well by doing Good: the Impact of Foreign Aid on Foreign Public opinion", Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 9(1), pp.87~114 (2014)
  17. Grix, Jonathan, "Of Mechanisms and Myths: conceptualizing State’s “Soft Power” Strategies through Sports Mega-Events", Diplomacy & Statecraft, 27(2), pp.251~272 (2016)
  18. Grix, Jonathan, "Sports Mega-Events as Part of a nation’s Soft Power Strategy: the case of Germany (2006) and the uK (2012)", British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 16, pp.572~596 (2014)
  19. Hall, todd, "An unclear Attraction: A critical Examination of Soft Power as an Analytical category", Chinese Journal of International Politics, 3(2), pp.189~211 (2010)
  20. Han, Donglin, "Images of the World : Studying Abroad and chinese Attitudes towards International Affairs", China Quarterly, 202, pp.290~306 (2010)
  21. Heneman, Robert, "The relationship between Supervisory ratings and resultsoriented Measures of Performance : A Meta-Analysis", Personnel Psychology, 39(4), pp.811~826 (1986)
  22. Holtzhausen, Derina R., "The 2010 FIFA World cup and South Africa: A Study of Longer-term Effects and Moderators of country reputation", Journal of Marketing Communications, 21(3), pp.185~198 (2015)
  23. Knott, Brendon, "Sport Mega-Events and nation Branding : unique characteristics of the 2010 FIFA World cup, South Africa", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitability Management, 29(3), pp.900~923 (2017)
  24. Köse, talha, "A comparative Analysis of Soft Power in the MEnA region: the Impact of Ethnic, Sectarian, and religious Identity on Soft Power in Iraq and Egypt", Foreign Policy Analysis, 12, pp.354~373 (2016)
  25. Lee, Jung-Nam, "The Rise of China and Soft Power : China’s Soft Power Influence in Korea", China Review, 8(1), pp.127~154 (2008)
  26. Mattern, Janice B., "Why Soft Power Isn’t So Soft : representational Force and the Sociolinguistic construction of Attraction in World Politics", Millennium, 33(3), pp.583612~ (2005)
  27. Mcclory, Jonathan, "The New Persuaders: An International Ranking of Soft Power" (2010), Institute of Government
  28. Mcclory, Jonathan, "The New Persuaders II: A 2011 Global Ranking of Soft Power" (2011), Institute of Government
  29. Mcclory, Jonathan, "The New Persuaders III: A 2012 Global Ranking of Soft Power" (2013), Institute of Government
  30. Mcclory, Jonathan, "The Soft Power 30: A Global Ranking of Soft Power" (2015), Portland communications
  31. Mcclory, Jonathan, "The Soft Power 30: A Global Ranking of Soft Power 2017" (2017), Portland communications
  32. Mcclory, Jonathan, "The Soft Power 30: A Global Ranking of Soft Power 2018" (2018), Portland communications
  33. Mcdonald, Michael, "The Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, edited by Kempf-Leornard Kimberly", pp.939~947 (2005), Elsevier
  34. Mueller, Charles, "The SAGE Encyclopedia Social Science Research Methods", pp.161~165 (2004), SAGE
  35. Naim, Moises, "The new diaspora", Foreign Policy, 131, pp.95~96 (2002)
  36. Noya, Javier, "The new Symbolic Power", Place Branding, 2(1), pp.53~67 (2006)
  37. Nye, Joseph, "Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics" (2004), Public Affairs
  38. Nye, Joseph, "The Future of Power" (2011), Public Affairs
  39. Olivié, Iliana, "Elcano Global Presence Index" (2011), Real Instituto Elcano
  40. Passow, Tanja, "country reputation-from Measurement to Management: the case of Liechtenstein", Corporate Reputation Review, 7(4), pp.309~326 (2005)
  41. Peter, Paul, "Construct Validity: A review of Basic Issues and Marketing Practices", Journal of Marketing Research, 18(2), pp.133~145 (1981)
  42. Rose, Andrew K., "Like Me, Buy Me: the Effect of Soft Power on Exports", Economics & Politics, 28(2), pp.216~232 (2016)
  43. Roselle, Laura, "Strategic narrative: A new Means to understand Soft Power", Media, War & Conflict, 7(1), pp.70~84 (2014)
  44. Rubio, McGartland, "The Encyclopedia of Social Measurement", pp.495~498 (2005), Elsevier
  45. Selltiz, Claire, "Factors Influencing Attitudes of Foreign Students toward the Host country", Journal of Social Issues, 18(1), pp.7~23 (1962)
  46. Shain, Yossi, "Marketing American Creed Abroad: U.S. Diasporas in the U.S. and Their Homelands" (1999), Cambridge university
  47. Simons, Greg, "Perception of Russia’s Soft Power and Influence in the Baltic States", Public Relations Review, 41, pp.1~13 (2015)
  48. Snow, nancy, "International Exchanges and the U. S. Image", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), pp.198~222 (2008)
  49. Treverton, Gregory, "Measuring National Power. Washington" (2005), RAND corporation
  50. Trochim, William, "Research Methods" (2015), Cengage Learning
  51. Trunkos, Judit, "What Is Soft Power Capability and How Does It Impact Foreign Policy?" (2013), Institute of cultural diplomacy
  52. Vuving, Alexander, "How Soft Power Works" (2009), American Political Science Association
  53. Wang, Jian, "Managing national reputation and International relations in the Global Era: Public diplomacy revisited", Public Relations Review, 32(2), pp.91~96 (2006)
  54. Whitney, Christopher, "Soft Power in Asia: Results of a 2008 Multinational Survey of Public Opinion" (2009), Chicago Council on Global Affairs
  55. Yang, Sung-un, "Country Reputation in Multidimensions: Predictors, Effects, and Communication Channels", Journal of Public Relations Research, 20(4), pp.421~440 (2008)
  56. Yun, Seong-Hun, "Soft Power: From Ethnic Attraction to national Attraction in Sociological Globalism", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32, pp.565~577 (2008)
  57. Yun, Seong-Hun, "Future Sociological Public diplomacy and the role of Public relations: Evolution of Public diplomacy", American Behavioral Scientist, 53(4), pp.493~503 (2009)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (5건)