Political Islam: Moderation or Radicalism? Case Study of Political Islam With Respect To Lebanon Hezbollah
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, bloody wars that arose as a result of separation in Yugoslavia (among the Christian Serbs and the Muslim Bosnians), the 2001 terrorist attacks to the World Trade Center in New York and finally the victory of Islam-based movements to achieve power in Islamic countries (such as the Welfare party in Turkey, Islamic Saving Association in Aljazeer) resulted in concerns about the possibility of a second cold war by the Western people. In this new cold war, the opposing parties are not communism and liberalism but rather it is the Armageddon among the political Islam (as a divine school) and Western secularism ideology (as human school). In this war, the recent thought has its root in the open mind age of philosophical, cultural and scientific history of the West and more than 200 years of modernism where most of the thinking, belief, epistemology and ontology of west are formed on this basis. Meanwhile any political activity of Islamic countries at the international level that is on the opposition of secular principles of Western countries is regarded as Islamic fundamentalism in the West camp and the movement of the political Islam is regarded as a subsidiary and unprecedented issue in the study of the policies of the Islamic countries. The important point is that there is a basic difference among political Islam and Islamic fundamentalism and in this way the method and approach of Islamism should be noted in order to obtain Islamic rules and regulations at national and international level. Some western thinkers do not recognized any difference among these two movements and regard them as identical. Therefore, the governments in Western countries approach the region in the same manner. It is to be noted that when the issue of political Islam is raised, this aspect of Islam is neither integrated nor concentrated as its religious aspect and we are faced with a vast range in which there is liberal Islam oriented and democrat people on one hand and fundamentalists, on the other hand. In order to apply Islamic rules and regulations by authorities, they do not neglect any action even if it may be on the opposition of Islamic rules and regulations. A question is raised here as to which between the Moderation and Radicalism approaches are more successful in obtaining sovereignty of Islam at the national level and finally in defending Islam at the international level and whether they have achieved the aforesaid goals. The present article intends to find answers to the aforesaid question with respect to the epistemological and historical point of view and analyze the activities and the effects of Lebanon Hezbollah on domestic policy of Lebanon and available regional policy in the Middle East.
Abstract
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, bloody wars that arose as a result of separation in Yugoslavia (among the Christian Serbs and the Muslim Bosnians), the 2001 terrorist attacks to the World Trade Center in New York and finally the victory of Islam-based movements to achieve power in Islamic countries (such as the Welfare party in Turkey, Islamic Saving Association in Aljazeer) resulted in concerns about the possibility of a second cold war by the Western people. In this new cold war, the opposing parties are not communism and liberalism but rather it is the Armageddon among the political Islam (as a divine school) and Western secularism ideology (as human school). In this war, the recent thought has its root in the open mind age of philosophical, cultural and scientific history of the West and more than 200 years of modernism where most of the thinking, belief, epistemology and ontology of west are formed on this basis. Meanwhile any political activity of Islamic countries at the international level that is on the opposition of secular principles of Western countries is regarded as Islamic fundamentalism in the West camp and the movement of the political Islam is regarded as a subsidiary and unprecedented issue in the study of the policies of the Islamic countries. The important point is that there is a basic difference among political Islam and Islamic fundamentalism and in this way the method and approach of Islamism should be noted in order to obtain Islamic rules and regulations at national and international level. Some western thinkers do not recognized any difference among these two movements and regard them as identical. Therefore, the governments in Western countries approach the region in the same manner. It is to be noted that when the issue of political Islam is raised, this aspect of Islam is neither integrated nor concentrated as its religious aspect and we are faced with a vast range in which there is liberal Islam oriented and democrat people on one hand and fundamentalists, on the other hand. In order to apply Islamic rules and regulations by authorities, they do not neglect any action even if it may be on the opposition of Islamic rules and regulations. A question is raised here as to which between the Moderation and Radicalism approaches are more successful in obtaining sovereignty of Islam at the national level and finally in defending Islam at the international level and whether they have achieved the aforesaid goals. The present article intends to find answers to the aforesaid question with respect to the epistemological and historical point of view and analyze the activities and the effects of Lebanon Hezbollah on domestic policy of Lebanon and available regional policy in the Middle East.
참고문헌 (40)
- The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam, Center for Contemporary Arab Studies Occasional Paper Series, "Asad, Talal", Georgetown University, ~ (1996)
- Ayubi, Nazih N, "Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World" (1992), Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
- Baker, Raymond William, "Islam without Fear: Egypt and the New Islamists" (2003), Harvard University Press
- Baylis, John, "The globalization of World Politics: An Introduction To International Relations" (2001), Oxford University Press
- Baylouny, Anne Marie, "Democratic Inclusion: A Solution to Militancy in Islamist Movements", Strategic Insights, III(4) (2004)
- Brown, Carl L, "International Politics and the Middle East: Old Rules, Dangerous Game" (1984), Princeton University Press
- Connolly, William E, "Why I Am Not a Secularist" (1999), University of Minnesota Press
- Deeb, Marius, "Shi’a Movements in Lebanon: Their Formation, Ideology, Social Basis and Links with Iran and Syria", Third World Quarterly, 10(2) (1988)
- Denoeux, Guilain, "The Forgotten Swamp: Navigating Political Islam", Middle East Policy, 9(2), pp.56~82 (2002)
- Ehteshami, Anoushirvan, "Islamic Fundamentalism and Political Islam, In Issues in World Politics", pp.179~199 (1994), Palgrave Macmillan Press
- Esposito, Jo, "Political Islam and The West", JFQ Forum (2000)
- Euben, Roxanne L, "Enemy in the Mirror: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Limits of Modern Rationalism" (1999), Princeton University Press
- Fuller, Graham E, "The Future of Political Islam" (2004), Palgrave Macmillan Press
- Gerges, Fawaz, "America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests" (1999), Cambridge University Press
- Goksel, Timur, "Short Biography", American University of Beirut
- Haddad, Simon, "The Origins of Popular Support for Lebanon's Hezbollah", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 29(1) (2006)
- Halliday, Fred, "Nationalism, In The globalization of World Politics: An Introduction To International Relations", pp.521~538 (2001), Oxford University Press
- Hamzeh, Nizar, "Lebanon’s Hizbullah: From Islamic Revolution to Parliamentary Accommodation", Third World Quarterly, 14(2), pp.321~337 (1993)
- Harik, Judith Palmer, "Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism" (2007), I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd
- Hefner, Robert W, "Introduction: Modernity and the Remaking of Muslim Politics" (2005), Princeton University Press
- Heywood, Andrew, "Political Ideologies: An Introduction" (2007), Palgrave Macmillan Press
- What Is Political Islam, "Hirschkind,Charles", 12~14, pp.Middle East Report 205 (1997)
- Jabar, Hala, "Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance" (1997), Columbia University Press
- Lynch, Cecelia, "Dogma, Praxis, and Religious Perspectives on Multiculturalism", Millennium: Journal of International St, 29(3), pp.741~759 (2000)
- McAdam, Doug, "Introduction:Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Framing Processes – toward a Synthetic, Comparative Perspective on Social Movements, In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings", pp.1~22 (1996), Cambridge University Press
- McAlister, Melani, "Epic Encounters: Culture, Media and U.S. Interests in the Middle East, 1945–20" (2001), University of California Press
- Mitchell, Timothy, "Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity" (2002), University of California Press
- Murden, Simon, "Culture in World Affairs, In The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction To International Relations", pp.539~554 (2001), Oxford University Press
- Norton, Augustus Richard, "Hezbollah" (2007), Princeton University Press
- Qassem, Naim, "Hizbullah: the Story from Within" (2005), Saqi
- Ranstorp, Magnus, "Hizb’Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis" (1997), St. Martin’s Press
- Salvatore, Armando, "Political Islam and the Discourse of Modernity Reading" (1999), Ithaca Press
- Shaery-Eisenlohr, Roschanack, "Shi‘ite Lebanon: Transnational Religion and the Making of National Identities" (2008), Columbia University Press
- Shakman Hurd, Elizabeth, "The Politics of Secularism in International Relations" (2008), Princeton University Press
- Shanahan, Rodger, "The Shi‘a of Lebanon: Clans, Parties and Clerics" (2005), I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd
- Simbar, Reza, "Political Islam and International System: Impacts and Implications", Journal of International and Area Studies, 16(2), pp.107~124 (2009)
- Teti, Anderea, "Political Islam, In Imber, Issues In International Relations, Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada", pp.218~234 (2008), Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
- Wiktorowicz, Quintan, "Introduction: Islamic Activism and Social Movement Theory, In Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach", pp.1~36 (2004), Indiana University
- Reza Simbar, "Professor & Head of Political Sciences and International Relations department in University of Guilan", ~
- Mehdi Zibaei, "Student in M.A Degree in Political Sciences and International Relations department in University of Guilan", ~