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Islamic Fundamentalist Views on Democracy and Political Pluralism in the Arab World

Ahmad Moussalli
중동연구소 (Institute of Middle East Studies, Center for International Area Studies, Hankuk University of Forei)|2010.10|중동연구|제29권 제2호|pp. 79-147

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DemocracyPluralismArab WorldMuslim BrotherhoodIslamic FundamentalismSayyid QutbHasan al-BannaRadical Islamic GroupInclusivistExclusivist

초록

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of Islamic discourses on the political stability of the Arab world. Islam’s appropriateness to pluralism and democracy is of major interest to Western scholars and politicians as well as to Muslims in general, including the fundamentalists. In the Islamic world, the quest for democracy and pluralism is very apparent; a substantial number of political and intellectual conferences were held to study the possible ways to democratize and liberalize politics, society and thought. A majority of fundamentalist theoreticians are now engaged in the Islamization of democracy and pluralism. They argue that social and political tyranny and oppression are the main catalysts for defeat and underdevelopment of the Islamic world, and are detrimental to the rise of Islam. Therefore, this article aims at highlighting some of the important debates that have been going on in modern Islamic fundamentalist discourses about democracy and pluralism. This article argues that while a majority of Western media and scholars along with a majority of their Middle Eastern counterparts treat fundamentalism as exclusivist by its nature and definition, and while a few widely publicized fundamentalist groups are truly exclusivist and adhere to the notion of change through radical programs and uncompromising revolutions, most mainstream and major fundamentalist groups are pluralistic, democratic and inclusivist indeed. For the origins of exclusion are neither Islamic metaphysical perceptions of the universe nor developed abstractly from some theological doctrines of Islam. Furthermore, exclusion is not limited to Islamic fundamentalist groups and includes the champions of the new and the old world orders. It is only with Islamic fundamentalism that the doctrine of exclusion is, however, transformed into a part of a new Islamic theology of metaphysical perceptions and abstract doctrines of belief. This article also shows that Islamic fundamentalism is, however, an umbrella term for a wide range of discourses and activism that tends to move from a high level of moderate pluralism, and thus inclusive democracy, to extreme radicalism, intolerant unitarianism, and thus exclusive majority rule. However, the radical discourse nowadays cannot be understood only in terms of its origins but has become a theology of politics that stands on its own.

Abstract

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of Islamic discourses on the political stability of the Arab world. Islam’s appropriateness to pluralism and democracy is of major interest to Western scholars and politicians as well as to Muslims in general, including the fundamentalists. In the Islamic world, the quest for democracy and pluralism is very apparent; a substantial number of political and intellectual conferences were held to study the possible ways to democratize and liberalize politics, society and thought. A majority of fundamentalist theoreticians are now engaged in the Islamization of democracy and pluralism. They argue that social and political tyranny and oppression are the main catalysts for defeat and underdevelopment of the Islamic world, and are detrimental to the rise of Islam. Therefore, this article aims at highlighting some of the important debates that have been going on in modern Islamic fundamentalist discourses about democracy and pluralism. This article argues that while a majority of Western media and scholars along with a majority of their Middle Eastern counterparts treat fundamentalism as exclusivist by its nature and definition, and while a few widely publicized fundamentalist groups are truly exclusivist and adhere to the notion of change through radical programs and uncompromising revolutions, most mainstream and major fundamentalist groups are pluralistic, democratic and inclusivist indeed. For the origins of exclusion are neither Islamic metaphysical perceptions of the universe nor developed abstractly from some theological doctrines of Islam. Furthermore, exclusion is not limited to Islamic fundamentalist groups and includes the champions of the new and the old world orders. It is only with Islamic fundamentalism that the doctrine of exclusion is, however, transformed into a part of a new Islamic theology of metaphysical perceptions and abstract doctrines of belief. This article also shows that Islamic fundamentalism is, however, an umbrella term for a wide range of discourses and activism that tends to move from a high level of moderate pluralism, and thus inclusive democracy, to extreme radicalism, intolerant unitarianism, and thus exclusive majority rule. However, the radical discourse nowadays cannot be understood only in terms of its origins but has become a theology of politics that stands on its own.

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