A City of Migrants in Rebellion: Democracy and Indigenous-Popular Experiences of El Alto’s Gas War in 2003
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This article analyzes popular experiences of the “Gas War,” a massive popular uprising in Bolivia that took place in September-October 2003 against gas exportation promoted by the government of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada (2002-2003). It focuses on the city of El Alto, the epicenter of the uprising. It contributes to the scholarly discussion on the Gas War by shedding light on how ordinary Alteños (people of El Alto) remember the war, or “the Massacre of September-October 2003” as many of them call it. The article investigates how their memories of the Massacre are tied to their struggles against discrimination, poverty, and racism, a struggle which shapes El Alto’s history as a city of migrants from the countryside and provincial towns. It presents the testimonies of ordinary Alteños, and the performance of Arriba El Alto, a theatrical work of the city’s troupe, in order to examine how their everyday experience of marginalization informs their memories of 2003. It explores how the discourse of the pueblo’s struggle against the colonial-neoliberal state acquired concrete meanings for Alteños in 2003, which had to do with their own life struggle on the urban periphery. To analyze how their struggle was articulated with a broader political process at the national level, it delves into the notion of “Bolivia’s Third Revolution in 2000-2005” proposed by several historians, and discusses meanings of democracy in El Alto, which relate to emancipatory projects of plurinational decolonization, as well as providing a discussion of the political conflict in Bolivia After the resignation of Evo Morales Ayma in November 2019. It argues that Alteños in 2003 made their city central to those projects by asserting their rights as citizens and creating their own space of democracy vis-à-vis the national state.
Abstract
This article analyzes popular experiences of the “Gas War,” a massive popular uprising in Bolivia that took place in September-October 2003 against gas exportation promoted by the government of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada (2002-2003). It focuses on the city of El Alto, the epicenter of the uprising. It contributes to the scholarly discussion on the Gas War by shedding light on how ordinary Alteños (people of El Alto) remember the war, or “the Massacre of September-October 2003” as many of them call it. The article investigates how their memories of the Massacre are tied to their struggles against discrimination, poverty, and racism, a struggle which shapes El Alto’s history as a city of migrants from the countryside and provincial towns. It presents the testimonies of ordinary Alteños, and the performance of Arriba El Alto, a theatrical work of the city’s troupe, in order to examine how their everyday experience of marginalization informs their memories of 2003. It explores how the discourse of the pueblo’s struggle against the colonial-neoliberal state acquired concrete meanings for Alteños in 2003, which had to do with their own life struggle on the urban periphery. To analyze how their struggle was articulated with a broader political process at the national level, it delves into the notion of “Bolivia’s Third Revolution in 2000-2005” proposed by several historians, and discusses meanings of democracy in El Alto, which relate to emancipatory projects of plurinational decolonization, as well as providing a discussion of the political conflict in Bolivia After the resignation of Evo Morales Ayma in November 2019. It argues that Alteños in 2003 made their city central to those projects by asserting their rights as citizens and creating their own space of democracy vis-à-vis the national state.
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