간접수용의 판단기준에 관한 ICSID 중재사례 연구
A Study on the ICSID Arbitration Cases for Determination Standards of Indirect Expropriation
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초록
국제투자분쟁은 다양하고 복잡한 사실관계로 인하여 투자유치국의 조치가 보상이 필요한 간접수용인지 그렇지 않은 선의로 이루어진 합법적인 규제조치인지를 구분하는 것이 쉽지 않으며, 이는 판단하는 것은 간접수용과 관련한 분쟁에서 중요한 쟁점이다. 국제투자법상 간접수용 판단시에 적용할 수 있는 통일된 명확한 기준은 부재하지만, 이와 관련한 축적된 중재사례의 분석을 통하여 세 가지 판단기준을 유추해 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 재산권에 대한 침해 정도와 지속성 둘째, 투자에 근거한 분명하고 합리적인 기대이익의 침해 셋째, 투자유치국 행위나 조치의 그 목적과 맥락을 고려하는 것이다. 그러나 투자 분쟁시에 이러한 기준이 일괄적으로 적용되는 것은 아니다. 중재판정부는 문제된 분쟁의 사실관계의 검토와 이해관계의 분석을 통하여 사안별로 다른 판단기준을 적용할 수 있다. 그러므로 투자협정상에 간접수용의 판정기준을 구체적으로 명시하고, 간접수용의 개념과 예외적 상황에 대해서도 규정하는 것이 바람직하다.
Abstract
Under current international investment law clear criteria to determine standards of indirect expropriation are absent. Arbitral tribunals determine on a case-by-case whether an indirect expropriation has occurred by conducting a fact-based inquiry. However, three common determination standards can be inferred by analyzing prior arbitration cases. The appropriate analytical framework that can be applied to determine whether a state’s measure constitutes an indirect expropriation is as follows. ⅰ) the degree of economic invasion of the state’s action into the foreign investor’s property rights and durability of the period, ⅱ) interference with the foreign investor’s distinct and reasonable investment-backed expectations, and ⅲ) the nature, purpose and character of the state’s measure. Therefore, it is necessary to fully acknowledge and to utilize strategically this determination standard. However, derived standards cannot be applied to all disputes en masse. So, it is desirable to exclude ambiguity and to clearly define the determination standard of indirect expropriation in investment agreements, since arbitral tribunals can apply different determination standards on a case-by-case basis. And, based on the discussions until now, more developed standards and direction in response to demand should be established through consistent analysis and review of precedents related to indirect expropriation. Lastly, This study is expected to be a useful guideline to prepare a necessary countermeasure to prevent dispute related to indirect expropriation beforehand or in case of dispute occurrence.
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