미국과 EU의 핵심광물 공급 정책 및 거버넌스 비교 분석
A Comparative Analysis of the Critical Minerals’ Regulatory Framework and Governance in the United States and European Union
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초록
탄소 중립 목표와 에너지 전환으로 인해 전기차와 이차전지, 신재생에너지에 필요한 핵심광물(critical minerals)의 수요가 급증하고 있다. 급격한 수요 증가에 따른 공급부족과 함께 지정학적 긴장 상황이 전략 산업의 원자재 공급망에 영향을 주는 가운데, 미국과 유럽은 안정적인 공급망을 유지하고 내수시장을 활성화하기 위한 다양한 법안을 제정하고 있다. 또한, 핵심광물의 공급망은 산업, 외교, 무역 등 긴밀한 부처간·국가간 협력이 필요한 분야로 효과적인 정책 이행을 위한 거버넌스 체계가 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 미국과 유럽의 핵심광물 현황과 관련 법안, 공급망 안정화를위한 정책에 대해 분석하였다. 또한, 미 백악관과 EU 집행위원회가 중심이 되고 있는 미국과 유럽의 핵심광물 정책 거버넌스와 비교하여 한국 거버넌스의 현황과 문제점, 강력한 거버넌스 체계를위한 전략을 제시하였다.
Abstract
There has been a significant escalation in the demand for critical minerals, in line with net-zero and energy transition goals, driven by the rise of electric vehicles, batteries, and renewable energy. This rapid increase in demand, coupled with geopolitical tensions, is impacting the raw material supply chains of strategic industries. In response, both the US and EU are formulating various legislative measures to ensure a stable supply chain and facilitate their domestic markets. The supply chain for these critical minerals requires close cooperation between various sectors such as industry, diplomacy, and trade, highlighting the need for an effective governance system for successful policy implementation. This study outlines the legislative timelines in the US and EU and examines their governance structures, specifically for the critical mineral supply chain. The comparative analysis presents the current status and challenges of governance, as well as strategies for a robust governance system in South Korea.
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