사용 후 배터리 재활용을 위한 전처리 기술 개발 동향
Current Developments in Pretreatment Technologies for End-of-life Battery Recycling
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초록
탄소 중립 시대로의 변환에 맞춰 전기자동차가 빠르게 보급되고 있으며, 향후 전기자동차용 사용 후 배터리의 대량 발생이 예상되고 있다. 이에 사용 후 배터리 재활용의 중요성이 커지고 있으며, 후처리 공정에 비해 상대적으로 기술 개발이 늦은 사용 후 배터리 전처리 기술 개발에 대한 많은 노력이 진행되고 있다. 사용 후 배터리 전처리는 수거-진단-방전-해체-유기물처리-파분쇄-선별의 순서로 이루어지는 것이 일반적이며, 이 과정에서 다양한 물리적 처리 기술이 활용되고 있다. 본 총설에서는 전처리의 주요 단계에서 활용되는 처리 기술 개발 동향을 소개하고, 마지막으로는 사 용 후 배터리 전처리 공정 개발 시 각 단계에서 환경적·경제적·기술적으로 고려해야할 부분과 향 후 개발이 예상되는 배터리 소재의 특성을 반영할 수 있는 전처리 기술/공정 개발의 중요성에 대해 언급하고자 한다.
Abstract
With the rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) toward a carbon-neutral era, the volume of end-of-life batteries from EVs is expected to significantly increase. Thus, the recycling of end-of-life batteries is gaining importance, and considerable efforts are being devoted to the development of relevant pretreatment technologies. The pretreatment of end-of-life batteries typically involves collection, diagnosis, discharge, disassembly, organic material treatment, crushing, and separation; various physical processing technologies are employed during these stages. This review highlights the recent trends in key pretreatment technologies and discusses environmental, economic, and technical considerations for each stage toward the development of efficient end-of-life battery pretreatment technologies. Moreover, the importance of technologies and processes that can adapt to the characteristics of next-generation battery materials is emphasized.
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