컴퓨터기반 문제풀이 환경에서 과제복합도에 따른 인지부하 차이의 객관적 측정
Objective Measurement of Cognitive Load Difference According to Task-Complexity in A Computer-Based Problem Solving
0
조회
0
다운로드
7
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구에서는 컴퓨터기반 문제풀이 환경에서 동공반응과 문제풀이시간 및 눈 깜빡임 비율을 학습자의 인지부하 판단을 위한 측정지표로 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 대학생 26명을 대상으로 과제복합도 수준에 따른 동공반응, 문제풀이시간 및 눈 깜빡임 비율의 차이를 비교하였다. 통계적 검증은 과제복합도 상․하 구간별 t검정과 윌콕슨 부호 순위검정을 실시하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 동공확장 평균은 과제복합도 상 구간에서 더 크게 나타났지만 그 차이는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 둘째, 문제풀이시간은 과제복합도 상 구간에서 더 오랜 시간을 소요하였고 그 차이도 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 셋째, 눈 깜빡임 비율은 과제복합도 상 구간에서 줄어드는 것으로 나타났으며 그 차이 또한 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 이상의 연구 결과는 동공확대 지표와 같은 생리심리반응은 외부적인 요인에 의해 민감하게 반응하는 지표로 이를 해석함에 있어 환경적 요소와 연구 맥락을 고려하여 심층적으로 분석해야 함을 지적하였다. 본 연구는 문제풀이 진행 과정에서 객관적 지표에 근거한 인지적 처방 가능성을 검증하였다는 점에서 의의가 있으며, 학습자의 학습과정 중에 발생하는 인지부하에 기반 한 실제적이고 적응적인 처방을 제공하기 위해서 관련 연구를 확대․발전시켜나가야 할 것이다.
Abstract
In this study, we utilized pupil response, problem solving time, and eye-blink in the computer-based problem solving experiment as a measuring indicators for the determination of cognitive load from learners. For this purpose, we compared the difference of the pupil response, problem solving time, and eye-blink rate among 26 university students with low and high level of complexity condition. For statistical verification to check the differences by task complexity level, t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were conducted. The results of the study showed that the pupil dilation was larger in the high level complexity section but did not report a statistically significant difference. Second, the problem solving time took longer in the high level complexity section and the difference between the task complexity was statistically significant. Third, the eye-blink rate was shown to decrease in the high level complexity section and the difference between the task complexity was statistically significant. The above study results pointed out that physiological psychological reactions, such as pupils dilation indicators, should be analyzed in depth by taking into account environmental factors and research contexts in interpreting them as indicators that are sensitive to external factors. This study is meaningful in that it has validated the possibility of cognitive prescription based on objective indicators in the course of problem solving, and it will be necessary to expand and develop related research to provide practical and adaptive prescriptions based on cognitive load that occurs during learner’s learning process.
참고문헌 (66)
- 김경, "웹기반 학습에서 학습자료 유형과 학습내용 제시 시기가 인지부하, 효과성 및 효율성에 미치는 효과", 교육공학연구, 20(4), pp.111~145 (2004), 한국교육공학회
- 김영준, "인지 과제 수행에서의 개인차 속성의 효과: 웹기반 인지 실험실 개발", Journal of The Korean Data Analysis Society, 21(4), pp.2051~2070 (2019), 한국자료분석학회[DOI]
- 류지헌, "인지 부하 측정을 위한 구인의 탐색 및 타당화", 교육정보미디어연구, 15(2), pp.1~27 (2009), 한국교육정보미디어학회
- 박상욱, "물질 중독의 컴퓨터 기반 평가 조건화 훈련 프로그램 효과에 대한 예비 연구", Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37(4), pp.522~539 (2018), 한국임상심리학회[DOI]
- 이승조, "정보처리과정에 구현된 감각추구성향과 슬로모션의 상호작용: 생리적 반응을 중심으로", 한국언론학보, 52(3), pp.322~345 (2008), 한국언론학회
- 이용진, "강의동영상 자료에서 시선응시정보를 활용한 학습자의 주의집중 및 분산에 대한 탐색연구", 한국교육학연구, 23(3), pp.5~33 (2017), 안암교육학회[DOI]
- 이현정, "멀티미디어 학습 환경에서 학습자 특성별 인지부하 효과", 교육공학연구, 21(2), pp.79~102 (2005), 한국교육공학회
- 조일현, "사용성 검사 기법으로서 회상 자극기법(Stimulated Recall)의 타당성과 실용성에 관한 연구", 교육정보미디어연구, 12(2), pp.71~96 (2006), 한국교육정보미디어학회
- 허선, "의학교육에서 컴퓨터바탕검사와 문항은행 데이터베이스 구축", 의학교육논단, 16(1), pp.11~15 (2014), 연세대학교 의과대학
- 홍현기, "숨김 정보 검사에서 유무죄 및 범죄정보 인식에 따른 심리생리반응 차이", 한국심리학회지:일반, 33(3), pp.627~646 (2014), 한국심리학회
- Antonenko, P. D., "The influence of leads on cognitive load and learning in a hypertext environment", Computers in Human Behavior, 26(2), pp.140~150 (2010)
- Baker, R. S., "The state of educational data mining in 2009: A review and future visions", Journal of Educational Data Mining, 1(1), pp.3~17 (2009)
- Ballard, D. H., "Deictic codes for the embodiment of cognition", Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20(4), pp.723~742 (1997)
- Black, E. W., "Data for Free : Using LMS Activity Logs to Measure Community in Online Courses", The Internet and Higher Education, 11(2), pp.65~70 (2008)
- Bourisly, A. K., "Pupil response diameter is modulated as a function of cognitive load during mental addition : a psychophysiological protocol and study", Journal of Advanced Neuroscience Research, 2, pp.1~6 (2015)
- Brookings, J. B., "Psychophysiological responses to changes in workload simulated air traffic control", Biological Psychology, 42, pp.361~377 (1996)
- Brünken, R., "Direct measurement of cognitive load in multimedia learning", Educational psychologist, 38(1), pp.53~61 (2003)
- Chen, S., "Using task-induced pupil diameter and blink rate to infer cognitive load", Human–Computer Interaction, 29(4), pp.390~413 (2014)
- Chen, S., "Automatic and continuous user task analysis via eye activity", Proceedings of the 2013 international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, pp.57~66 (2013)
- Chen, S., "Eye activity as a measure of human mental effort in HCI", Proceedings of the IUI 2011 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (2011), ACM
- Daniel K., "Pupil diameter and load on memory", Science, 154, pp.1583~1585 (1966)
- De Jong, T., "Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: some food for thought", Instructional Science, 38(2), pp.105~134 (2010)
- Graham, F. K., "Attention: The heartbeat, the blink, and the brain. Attention and information processing in infants and adults", Perspectives from human and animal research, 8, pp.3~29 (1992)
- Haapalainen, E., "Psycho-physiological measures for assessing cognitive load", Proceedings of the UbiComp 2010 Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (2010), ACM
- Hackman, B., "A study of the ‘visual fixation’ method of measuring attention value", Journal of Applied psychology, 20(1), pp.44~ (1936)
- Hale, K. S., "Hand book of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications" (2014), CRC Press
- Henderson, J. M., "Perception of faces, objects, and scenes: Analytic and holistic processes", pp.356~383 (2003)
- Hess, E. H., "Attitude and pupil size", Scientific American, 212(2), pp.46~54 (1965)
- Hess, E. H., "Pupil size as related to interest value of visual stimuli", Science, 132(3423), pp.349~350 (1960)
- Hoogveld, A., "Training higher education teachers for instructional design of competency-based education: product-oriented vs. process-oriented worked examples", Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(3), pp.287~297 (2005)
- Hwang, S. L., "Predicting work performance in nuclear power plants", Safety science, 46(7), pp.1115~1124 (2008)
- Jessee, M. S., "Ocular activity as a measure of mental and visual workload", Proceedings of the HFES 2010 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (2010), Sage
- Kahneman, D., "Thinking, fast and slow" (2011), Farrar, Straus and Giroux
- Kahneman, D., "Pupil diameter and load on memory", Science, 154(3756), pp.1583~1585 (1966)
- Karatekin, C., "Eye tracking studies of normative and atypical development", Developmental review, 27(3), pp.283~348 (2007)
- Kim, J., "Exploring the feasibility and use of psychophysiological responses based on cognitive load theory", Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(3), pp.150~165 (2019)
- Kinsbourne, M., "A study of visual reservation", Journal of Neurological md Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 26, pp.468~475 (1963)
- Koelewijn, T., "Pupil dilation uncovers extra listening effort in the presence of a single-talker masker", Ear and Hearing, 33(2), pp.291~300 (2012)
- Kramer, M. A., "Nonlinear principal component analysis using autoassociative neural networks", AIChE journal, 37(2), pp.233~243 (1991)
- Krejtz, K., "Eye tracking cognitive load using pupil diameter and microsaccades with fixed gaze", PloS one, 13(9), pp.1~23 (2018)
- Lin, J. J., "Tracking eye movements when solving geometry problems with handwriting devices", Journal of Eye Movement Research, 7(1), pp.1~15 (2014)
- Lowenstein, O., "The eye (Vol 3)" (1962), Academic Press
- Marcus, N., "Understanding instructions", Journal of educational psychology, 88(1), pp.49~ (1996)
- Mayer, R. E., "Cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational aspects of problem solving", Instructional Science, 26(1-2), pp.49~63 (1998)
- "PISA 2012 field trial problem solving framework: draft subject to possible revision after the field trial" (2010)[URL]
- Papamitsiou, Z. K., "Learning analytics and educational data mining in practice: A systematic literature review of empirical evidence", Educational Technology & Society, 17(4), pp.49~64 (2014)
- Palmer, J., "Measuring the effect of attention on simple visual search", Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 19(1), pp.108~ (1993)
- Paas, F., "Cognitive load measurement as a means to advance cognitive load theory", Educational psychologist, 38(1), pp.63~71 (2003)
- Pivik, R. T., "Endogenous eye blinks in pre adolescents: Relationship to information processing and performance", Biological psychology, 66(3), pp.191~219 (2004)
- Plass, J. L., "Emotions, technology, design, and learning" (2016), Academic Press
- Plass, J. L., "Cognitive load theory" (2010), Cambridge University Press
- Ravaja, N., "Contributions of psychophysiology to media research: Review and recommendations", Media Psychology, 6(2), pp.193~235 (2004)
- Renkl, A., "Structuring the transition from example study to problem solving in cognitive skill acquisition: A cognitive load perspective", Educational psychologist, 38(1), pp.15~22 (2003)
- Schnotz, W., "A reconsideration of cognitive load theory", Educational Psychology Review, 19(4), pp.469~508 (2007)
- Siemens, G., "Penetrating the Fog : Analytics in learning and education", EDU CAUSE review, 46(5), pp.30~ (2011)
- Sulikowski, P., "Deep Learning-Enhanced Framework for Performance Evaluation of a Recommending Interface with Varied Recommendation Position and Intensity Based on Eye-Tracking Equipment Data Processing", Electronics, 9(2), pp.266~ (2020)
- Sweller, J., "Cognitive load during problem solving : Effects on learning", Cognitive science, 12(2), pp.257~285 (1988)
- Sweller, J., "Instructional design consequences of an analogy between evolution by natural selection and human cognitive architecture", Instructional Science, 32(1), pp.9~31 (2004)
- Sewller, J., "Element Interactivity and Intrinsic, Extraneous, and Germane Cognitive Load", Educational Psychology Review, 22(2), pp.123~138 (2010)
- Sweller, J., "Cognitive Load Theory. volume 1 of Explorations in the Learning Sciences, Instructional Systems and Performance Technologies" (2011)
- Sweller, J., "Cognitive architecture and instructional design", Educational psychology review, 10(3), pp.251~296 (1998)
- Van Merrienboer, J. J., "Cognitive load theory and complex learning: Recent developments and future directions", Educational psychology review, 17(2), pp.147~177 (2005)
- Wilson, G. F., "An analysis of mental workload in pilots during flight using multiple psychophysiological measures", The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 12, pp.3~18 (2002)
- Xie, B., "Prediction of mental workload in single and multiple tasks environments", International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, 4(3), pp.213~242 (2000)
- Zheng, R., "Solving complex problems: A convergent approach to cognitive load measurement", British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(2), pp.233~246 (2012)
- Zoanetti, N., "Interactive computer based assesment tasks: How problem-solving process data can inform instruction", Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 26(5), pp.585~606 (2010)
