금융 웰빙에 영향을 미치는 요인: 금융 역량과 금융교육
Financial Competence and Financial Well-Being in Korea
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초록
금융교육의 목적은 개인이 금융 의사결정을 합리적으로 하는 데 필요한 금융 역량(금융 지식, 금융 기능, 금융태도, 금융 행위)을 지니게 함으로써, 더 나은 금융 웰빙 수준에 도달하도록 도와주는 데 있다. 금융 역량의 향상이더 높은 수준의 금융 웰빙에 기여하는지, 그리고 금융 역량의 하부 영역이 각각 어느 정도 기여하는지에 대해서는실증 연구가 미흡하다. 본 연구는 한국금융소비자보호재단이 조사한 2020년 자료를 이용해 성인의 금융 역량이 금융웰빙에 미치는 영향과 크기를 추정한다. 이 연구가 정의한 금융 웰빙 지수는 10∼50 사이의 값으로 분포하는데, 우리나라 성인의 평균 웰빙 점수는 30.33으로서 보통 수준이다. 금융 웰빙의 성별 차이나 연령별 차이는 존재하지않지만, 기혼자와 서울 거주자의 금융 웰빙 수준이 다른 집단보다 높다. 금융 지식과 금융 기능에서는 남자가 여자보다우위에 있지만, 여자의 금융 태도가 남자보다 바람직하다. 금융 행위에서는 성별 차이를 발견할 수 없다. 금융 기능, 금융 태도, 금융 행위는 금융 웰빙 향상에 긍정적으로 기여하는 반면에 금융 지식은 약식 지수로 측정한 금융 웰빙에는기여하지 못한다. 금융 지식 점수가 높고, 금융 태도가 바람직한 사람일수록 금융 웰빙 상위권에 속할 가능성이커진다. 이 외에 소득이 많은 사람, 주택 보유자, 소비 및 저축 계획을 장기적으로 세우는 성인, 긍정적 사고를 지니고, 자기가 세운 목표 달성에 자신감이 있는 사람일수록 금융 웰빙 수준이 높을 뿐 아니라 상위권에 속할 가능성도커진다. 그러나 자녀의 수는 금융 웰빙에 부정적이다. 이러한 분석 결과는 금융 지식을 학습하는 데 초점을 두는금융교육만으로는 금융 웰빙 향상이라는 목표를 달성하는 데 한계가 있으므로, 금융 기능, 태도, 행위를 개선하는데 도움이 되는 실천적 금융교육이 필요하다는 점을 시사한다.
Abstract
The purpose of financial education is to ensure individuals to be financially competent to make financial decisions rationally, and thereby to help them have higher levels of financial well-being. However, there are insufficient empirical studies on whether and to what extent financial competences contribute to financial well-being. This study seeks to identify influential factors and estimates the effects of financial competence and personal traits on financial well-being. The average financial well-being score for 2,500 Korean adults is 30.33, which is close to the middle of the possible range of 10-50. No gender gap or age difference is observed, but married people and residents of Seoul have higher average levels. Financial well-being is most strongly associated with financial skills, attitudes, and behavior. By contrast, the coefficient of financial knowledge is estimated to be 0 if the short index of financial well-being is used as a dependent variable. Those who are financially knowledgeable and have desirable financial attitudes are more likely to be in the upper ranks of the financial well-being score. Individuals with higher household incomes, homeowners, adults with a long-term planning horizon, a positive mindset, and higher levels of self-confidence in achieving financial goals not only tend to have higher average levels of financial well-being but are also more likely to be in the upper ranks. However, the number of children is negatively associated with financial well-being. These findings suggest that financial education that focuses on learning financial knowledge has limitations in achieving the goal of improving financial well-being. Rather, practical financial education is required to improve individuals’ financial skills, attitudes, and behaviors.
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