가계의 재무관리역량이 재무웰빙(Financial Well-being)에 미치는 영향
Effects of Household Financial Management Capabilities on Financial Well-being
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본 연구는 가계의 재무관리역량 및 재무웰빙 수준을 측정하고 개인 및 가계 특성에 따른 차이와 재무관리역량이 재무웰빙에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2020년 펀드투자자조사 자료를 활용하여 기술통계, t-test, 분산분석, 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가계의 재무관리역량 수준은 재무관리태도, 행동, 지식, 기술 순으로 높은 것으로 나타나 태도와 행동에 비해 지식과 기술이 상대적으로 부족한 것을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 고학력, 기혼, 고소득, 서울거주자, 자가보유자 등 사회경제적 지위가 높은 경우 재무관리역량 수준이 대체로 높은 경향을 보였으며, 남성의 경우 지식과 행동 수준이 상대적으로 높은데 반해 여성은 태도와 행동 수준이 높았다. 셋째, 가계의 재무웰빙 수준은 20.33점(40점 만점)이었으며, 영역별로는 재무상황통제, 재무선택자유, 재무위기대처, 재무목표달성의 순으로 높게 나타났다. 넷째, 성별 및 연령에 따른 재무웰빙 수준 차이는 제한적인 반면, 학력, 거주지, 자가보유여부, 가구소득 등 사회경제적 지위를 대리할 수 있는 변수에 따라 모든 영역의 재무웰빙 수준에 차이가 있었다. 다섯째, 재무웰빙 영역별로 차이를 보이는 가계 및 개인 특성에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 여섯째, 재무관리지식, 재무관리기술, 재무관리태도, 재무관리행동이 높은 집단의 재무웰빙 수준이 모든 영역에서 상대적으로 높았다. 일곱째, 재무관리지식은 재무웰빙에 유의한 영향을 미치는 못하는 데 반해, 기술과 태도는 재무웰빙 전 영역의 영향요인으로 나타났으며, 행동은 재무상황통제 이외의 모든 영역에 유의한 영향요인이었다. 여덟째, 재무웰빙의 모든 하위영역에 대한 재무관리기술의 영향력이 가장 높았으며, 재무상황통제, 재무위기대처, 재무목표달성의 영역에서는 태도의 영향력이, 재무선택자유 영역에서는 행동의 영향력이 그 다음으로 높았다. 본 연구는 우리나라 가계의 재무웰빙 수준을 체계적으로 측정하고 전반적인 현황을 파악한 최초의 연구라는 측면에서 학문적 의의가 있다. 또한 재무웰빙의 핵심 영향요인인 재무관리역량의 영향력을 재무웰빙의 하위영역별로 검증하여 재무웰빙을 효과적으로 제고할 수 있는 실질적인 방향성을 제시했다는 점에서 금융교육 및 역량강화 전략 수립에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure the financial management capabilities and financial well-being level of households and to examine the differences according to household characteristics and the effect of financial management capabilities on financial well-being. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and regression analysis were conducted using 2020 fund investor survey data. The main results are as follows: First, the level of financial management capabilities of households was high in the order of financial management attitude, behavior, knowledge, and skills, indicating that knowledge and skills were relatively insufficient compared to attitudes and behaviors. Second, the level of financial management capability tended to be generally high according to the socio-economic status of high education, married, high income, Seoul residents, and homeowners. Men have relatively high levels of knowledge and behavior, while women have high levels of attitude and behavior. Third, the level of households' financial well-being was 20.33 points (out of 40 points), followed by “In control of finances,” “Ability to absorb a shock, “On track for financial goals,” and “Able to enjoy life.” Fourth, while differences in the level of financial well-being according to gender and age were limited, there were differences in all areas according to variables representing socio-economic statuses, such as education, place of residence, home ownership, and household income. Fifth, it was found that there are differences in characteristics showing differences in financial well-being areas. Sixth, the financial well-being level with high financial management knowledge, skills, attitude, and behavior was relatively high in all areas. Seventh, while knowledge did not significantly affect financial well-being, skills and attitude were found to influence factors in all areas of financial well-being. Behavior was a significant influencing factor in all areas other than “In control of finances.” Eighth, financial management skills had the most decisive influence in all sub-areas of financial well-being. In the areas of “In control of finances,” “Ability to absorb a shock, “On track for financial goals,” the influence of attitudes was the next highest in the area of “Able to enjoy life.” The academic significance of this study is that it is the first study to systematically measure the level of the financial well-being of Korean households and analyze the influencing factors by applying the financial well-being scale of the CFPB (2015). It is also expected that it will contribute to financial education and policies. It presents practical directions to effectively improve financial well-being by verifying the impact of financial management competency for each sub-area of financial well-being.
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