Estimation of the Daily Human Intake of Acrylamide (AA) Based on Urinary N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (AAMA) and the Contribution of Dietary Habits in South Korean Adults
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Objectives: This study estimated the adult Korean daily intake of acrylamide (AA) and investigated itsrelationship with demographic, lifestyle and dietary habits by using urinary concentrations of N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (AAMA). Methods: Human data (n=1870) was collected in a nationwide cross-sectional biomonitoring programrepresenting the population (18–69 years) residing in South Korea. Urinary AAMA was analyzed with a LCMS/MS system. Daily intakes of AA were estimated using mass daily AAMA, which was calculated throughurinary AAMA concentration and daily creatinine excretion. Statistical analysis was performed with SASprocedures for calculating geometric means, confidence intervals and the exponentiated beta coefficient ofmultiple linear regressions. Results: Daily intake of AA was estimated at 0.475 μg/kg body weight (BW) per day (95% confidence interval(CI): 0.447-0.503). In the case of current smokers, AA intake was 0.957 μg/kg BW per day (95% CI: 0.847-1.067), which was significantly higher than that of former smokers and never smoked (p<0.0001). The strongaffecting factors were age (95% CI: 0.68-1.14; p=0.0180), education level (95% CI: 1.05-1.42; p=0.0163), bodymass index (BMI) (95% CI: 1.00-1.82; p<0.0001), and smoking status (95% CI: 0.97-3.05; p<0.0001). Koreandietary habits increasing AA intake were coffee (p=0.0005), cup noodles (p=0.0010) and canned foods(p=0.0005). Meanwhile, foods decreasing AA intake were fresh fruit (p=0.0076), cooked beef (p=0.0335) andcooked pork (p=0.0147). Conclusion: The Korean daily intake of AA in adults was estimated to be similar with those found in developedcountries. The factors increasing daily AA intake were coffee, cup noodles and canned foods, and decreasingfactors were fresh fruit, cooked beef and cooked pork.
Abstract
Objectives: This study estimated the adult Korean daily intake of acrylamide (AA) and investigated itsrelationship with demographic, lifestyle and dietary habits by using urinary concentrations of N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (AAMA). Methods: Human data (n=1870) was collected in a nationwide cross-sectional biomonitoring programrepresenting the population (18–69 years) residing in South Korea. Urinary AAMA was analyzed with a LCMS/MS system. Daily intakes of AA were estimated using mass daily AAMA, which was calculated throughurinary AAMA concentration and daily creatinine excretion. Statistical analysis was performed with SASprocedures for calculating geometric means, confidence intervals and the exponentiated beta coefficient ofmultiple linear regressions. Results: Daily intake of AA was estimated at 0.475 μg/kg body weight (BW) per day (95% confidence interval(CI): 0.447-0.503). In the case of current smokers, AA intake was 0.957 μg/kg BW per day (95% CI: 0.847-1.067), which was significantly higher than that of former smokers and never smoked (p<0.0001). The strongaffecting factors were age (95% CI: 0.68-1.14; p=0.0180), education level (95% CI: 1.05-1.42; p=0.0163), bodymass index (BMI) (95% CI: 1.00-1.82; p<0.0001), and smoking status (95% CI: 0.97-3.05; p<0.0001). Koreandietary habits increasing AA intake were coffee (p=0.0005), cup noodles (p=0.0010) and canned foods(p=0.0005). Meanwhile, foods decreasing AA intake were fresh fruit (p=0.0076), cooked beef (p=0.0335) andcooked pork (p=0.0147). Conclusion: The Korean daily intake of AA in adults was estimated to be similar with those found in developedcountries. The factors increasing daily AA intake were coffee, cup noodles and canned foods, and decreasingfactors were fresh fruit, cooked beef and cooked pork.
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