거리 가판대에서의 초미세먼지(PM2.5)와 블랙 카본(BC)의 농도평가: 조리 가판대를 중심으로
Assessment of PM2.5 and Black Carbon Concentrations among Street Vendors: Focusing on Cooking Stalls
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Background: PM2.5 and black carbon (BC) can be generated from cooking and from vehicle operation. Street vendors may be exposed to PM2.5 and BC due to their proximity both to roads and to cooking activities. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the PM2.5 and BC concentrations in cooking stalls and to determine the effects of cooking activity and of types of cooking. Methods: Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and BC concentrations, temperature, and relative humidity were measured in 32 stalls in April and May 2022. Behavioral factors such as the presence of cooking activity and types of cooking were observed. Student’s T-test was performed using the difference of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and BC concentrations to compare the effects of cooking activity and to compare types of cooking. Results: One-hour averages of the difference in indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations for cooking stalls and non-cooking stalls were 9.7±15.7 µg/m3 (n=22) and –0.5±0.4 µg/m3 (n=10), respectively. The difference in indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in cooking stalls was significantly higher than in non-cooking stalls (p<0.05). The indoor PM2.5 concentration for stalls for Chinese pancakes and teokbokki exceeded the standards for indoor air quality in South Korea (50 µg/m3 ). The indoor PM2.5 concentration for Korean pancake stalls exceeded the standards for outdoor air quality in South Korea (35 µg/m3 for 24 hours). Conclusions: The PM2.5 concentrations in stalls with cooking activity was significantly higher than those in stalls without cooking activity. Some stalls with certain types of foods exceeded standards for indoor and outdoor air quality in South Korea. Better management of indoor air quality in stalls with cooking activities is necessary
Abstract
Background: PM2.5 and black carbon (BC) can be generated from cooking and from vehicle operation. Street vendors may be exposed to PM2.5 and BC due to their proximity both to roads and to cooking activities. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the PM2.5 and BC concentrations in cooking stalls and to determine the effects of cooking activity and of types of cooking. Methods: Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and BC concentrations, temperature, and relative humidity were measured in 32 stalls in April and May 2022. Behavioral factors such as the presence of cooking activity and types of cooking were observed. Student’s T-test was performed using the difference of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and BC concentrations to compare the effects of cooking activity and to compare types of cooking. Results: One-hour averages of the difference in indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations for cooking stalls and non-cooking stalls were 9.7±15.7 µg/m3 (n=22) and –0.5±0.4 µg/m3 (n=10), respectively. The difference in indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in cooking stalls was significantly higher than in non-cooking stalls (p<0.05). The indoor PM2.5 concentration for stalls for Chinese pancakes and teokbokki exceeded the standards for indoor air quality in South Korea (50 µg/m3 ). The indoor PM2.5 concentration for Korean pancake stalls exceeded the standards for outdoor air quality in South Korea (35 µg/m3 for 24 hours). Conclusions: The PM2.5 concentrations in stalls with cooking activity was significantly higher than those in stalls without cooking activity. Some stalls with certain types of foods exceeded standards for indoor and outdoor air quality in South Korea. Better management of indoor air quality in stalls with cooking activities is necessary
참고문헌 (36)
- Ko HG, "A study on characteristics analysis of typology of occupation with street vendors in Seoul", Archit Inst Korea, 24(2), pp.407~410 (2004)
- Barth GA, "Street Foods: Informal Sector, Food Preparation, and Marketing" (1983), Equity Policy Center;
- Powell D, "Street Foods of Kingston", pp.1~15 (1990), University of the West Indies, (Mona), Institute of Social and Economic Research
- 김형일, "길거리음식 인식과 구매행동의 영향관계를 통한 시장 활성화 가능성에 대한 연구", 호텔관광연구, 19(4), pp.129~146 (2017), 한국호텔관광학회
- Nahar K, "Exposure assessment of emissions from mobile food carts on New York Citystreets", Environ Pollut, 267, pp.115435~ (2020)
- Zhang Q, "Measurement of ultrafine particles and other air pollutants emitted by cooking activities", Int J Environ Res Public Health, 7(4), pp.1744~1759 (2010)
- Buonanno G, "Children exposure assessment to ultrafine particles and black carbon : the role of transport and cooking activities", Atmos Environ, 79, pp.53~58 (2013)
- Atkinson RW, "Fine particle components and health--a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological time series studies of daily mortality and hospital admissions", J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 25(2), pp.208~214 (2015)
- "IARC Monographs Vol. 109: Outdoor Air Pollution"[URL]
- Puett RC, "Chronic fine and coarse particulate exposure, mortality, and coronary heart disease in the Nurses’ Health Study", Environ Health Perspect, 117(11), pp.1697~1701 (2009)
- Lim K, "A Study on the Effects of Carbon Black to Reactive Oxygen Species and Inflammation Reaction", pp.1~95 (2010), Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA
- 박종성, "서울의 블랙카본 특성 연구", 환경영향평가, 28(2), pp.113~128 (2019), 한국환경영향평가학회
- Laeremans M, "Black carbon reduces the beneficial effect of physical activity on lung function", Med Sci Sports Exerc, 50(9), pp.1875~1881 (2018)
- Kim JJ, "Traffic-related air pollution near busy roads : the East Bay Children's Respiratory Health Study", Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 170(5), pp.520~526 (2004)
- De Miranda RM, "Relationship between black carbon(BC)and heavy traffic in São Paulo, Brazil", Transp Res D Transp Environ, 68, pp.84~98 (2019)
- Jansen KL, "Associations between health effects and particulate matter and black carbon in subjects with respiratory disease", Environ Health Perspect, 113(12), pp.1741~1746 (2005)
- Janssen NA, "Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5", Environ Health Perspect, 119(12), pp.1691~1699 (2011)
- Lim SS, "A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010", Lancet, 380(9859), pp.2224~2260 (2012)
- Li YC, "Characteristics of PM2.5 emitted from different cooking activities in China", Atmos Res, 166, pp.83~91 (2015)
- Jung CC, "Chemical and stable isotopic characteristics of PM2.5emitted from Chinese cooking", Environ Pollut, 267, pp.115577~ (2020)
- Lu F, "The emission of PM2.5 in respiratory zone from Chinese family cooking and its health effect", Sci Total Environ, 654, pp.671~677 (2019)
- See SW, "Physical characteristics of ultrafine particles emitted from different gas cooking methods", Aerosol Air Qual Res, 6(1), pp.82~92 (2006)
- Buonanno G, "Volatility characterization of cooking-generated aerosol particles", Aerosol Sci Technol, 45(9), pp.1069~1077 (2011)
- See SW, "Chemical characteristics of fine particles emitted from different gas cooking methods", Atmos Environ, 42, pp.8852~8862 (2008)
- Olson DA, "Distributions of PM2.5 source strengths for cooking from the Research Triangle Park particulate matter panel study", Environ Sci Technol, 40(1), pp.163~169 (2006)
- He C, "Contribution from indoor sources to particle number and mass concentrations in residential houses", Atmos Environ, 38, pp.3405~3415 (2004)
- 조경숙, "음식물 조리 시 배출되는 악취성 입자상물질 배출 특성", 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지, 20(3), pp.179~201 (2021), 한국냄새환경학회
- Paras KD, "Measurements of PM2.5, PM1.0, and black carbon in cooking and non-cooking environments inside California Shopping Malls", pp.2018
- Sankhyan S, "Indoor black carbon and brown carbon concentrations from cooking and outdoor penetration : insights from the HOMEChem study", Environ Sci Process Impacts, 23(10), pp.1476~1487 (2021)
- Noomnual S, "Risk of adult street vendor exposure to traffic-related air pollution in Bangkok, Thailand", Hum Ecol Risk Assess Int J, 23(2), pp.340~349 (2017)
- Dons E, "Street characteristics and traffic factors determining road users’ exposure to black carbon", Sci Total Environ, 447, pp.72~79 (2013)
- Amegah AK, "Work as a street vendor, associated trafficrelated air pollution exposures and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Accra, Ghana", Int J Hyg Environ Health, 217(2-3), pp.354~362 (2014)
- 윤동민, "Correction Factors for Outdoor Concentrations of PM2.5 Measured with Portable Real-time Monitors Compared with Gravimetric Methods: Results from South Korea", 한국환경과학회지, 24(12), pp.1559~1567 (2015), 한국환경과학회[DOI]
- "microAeth®/Software & Firmware"[URL]
- 주상우, "조리과정에서 생성된 미세먼지의 크기분포 특성", PARTICLE AND AEROSOL RESEARCH, 16(1), pp.9~17 (2020), 한국입자에어로졸학회[DOI]
- Sasser E, "Report to Congress on Black Carbon", pp.1~388 (2012), EPA