인권과 환경의 관계에 관한 소고(小考)
Human Rights and The Environment
0
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
오늘날 인권과 환경 간의 관계에 대한 관심과 이해가 더 심화되고 있다. 인권과 환경은 서로 밀접한 관계에 놓여 있다. 먼저 인권은 환경보호를 위한 수단으로 작동될 수 있다. 이것은 인권 청구를 통한 환경보호의 간접적인 이행을 의미한다. 거꾸로 인간은 자신의 기본적 인권을 누리는데 있어서 깨끗하고 건강한 알맞은 환경에 의존한다. 환경악화는 인권 실현에 영향을 줄 가능성이 있다. 대기, 수질 및 토지의 오염을 포함한 환경 악화는 생명권, 식량권, 건강권 등과 같은 특정 권리의 실현에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 본 논문은 인권과 환경의 관계에서 발생하는 이론적인 문제와 유럽인권재판소의 판례를 분석한다. 인권과 환경 간의 관계의 ‘성격’과 관련하여, 이것을 설명하는 세 가지 주요 접근법이 있다. 첫 번째 접근법은 인권이 절차적으로나 실질적으로 환경 문제를 해결하기 위한 도구라고 제시한다. 이 접근법은 적절한 수준의 환경 보호를 달성하기 위해 인권을 사용할 가능성을 강조한다. 두 번째 접근법은 환경이 인권의 향유를 위한 전제 조건이라고 가정한다. 세 번째 접근법은 지속 가능한 발전이라는 개념 하에 인권과 환경의 통합을 제안한다. 환경보호와 인권 간의 관계의 프리즘은 시너지 효과이다. 앞에서 살펴본 세 가지 접근법의 공통점은 환경과 인권 간의 관계를 시너지 관점에서 바라본다는 것이다. 환경보호와 인권실현은 상호 보강하는 효과가 있다. 또한 이 논문에서는 환경문제에 대한 인권적 접근에서 나타는 이론 3가지, 즉 확대이론(expansion theory, 또는 재해석이론), 환경민주주의이론(environmental democracy theory), 창설이론(genesis theory)을 살펴본다. 그리고 환경오염 또는 환경피해에 대해여 유럽인권협약을 적용하여 판결한 유럽인권재판소의 주요 판례를 분석하여 인권을 동원하여 환경보호에 기여할 수 있는지를 살펴본다. 결론 부분에는 환경문제에 대한 인권적 접근의 한계와 전망을 기술하였다.
Abstract
Recently, the consideration on the relationship between human rights and the environment is becoming more active. Human rights and the environment are closely related to each other. First, human rights can work as a means of protecting the environment. This implies a temporary implementation of environmental protection through human rights claims. Conversely, humans rely on a clean and healthy environment to enjoy their basic human rights. Environmental degradation can affect the realization of human rights. Environmental degradation, including pollution of air, water and land can affect the realization of particular rights, such as the rights to life, food and health. This article discusses the theoretical issues that arise in the relationship between human rights and the environment and analyzes the precedents of European Court of Human Rights. The nature of the relationship between human rights and the environment, there are three major approaches to explaining this. The first approach submits that human rights are tools to address environmental issues, both procedurally and substantively. This approach emphasizes the possibility of using human rights to achieve adequate levels of environmental protection. The second approach postulates that the environment is a precondition to the enjoyment of human rights. The third approach proposes the integration of human rights and the environment under the concept of sustainable development. The prism of the relationship between environmental protection and human rights is a synergy. The commonality of the three approaches discussed above is that they view the relationship between the environment and human rights from a synergistic perspective. Environmental protection and realization of human rights are mutually reinforcing. This paper also examines three theories of human rights approach to environmental issues: expansion theory(or reinterpretation theory), environmental democracy theory, and genesis theory. And I analyze the cases of the European Court of Human Rights in relation to environmental pollution or environmental damage. The conclusion concludes with the limitations and prospects of a human rights approach.
참고문헌 (33)
- 김현준, "환경司法액세스권과 환경단체소송", 환경법연구, 32(2), pp.133~162 (2010), 한국환경법학회
- 박병도, "지속가능한 개발개념의 통합적 구조에 관한 연구", 국제법학회논총, 43(2) (1998), 대한국제법학회
- 정경수, "인권의 보편성과 문화적 다양성의 공존: 유럽인권협약 해석의 판단여지를 중심으로", 국제법평론, (29), pp.153~176 (2009), 국제법평론회
- 정인섭, "신국제법강의" (2019), 박영사
- Aarti, Gupta, "Transparency under Scrutiny: Information Disclosure in Global Environmental Governance", Global Environmental Politics, 8(2) (2008)
- Aerni, Philipp, "Climate Change and International Law: Exploring the Linkages Between Human Rights, Environment, Trade and Investment", Germany Yearbook of International Law, 53 (2010)
- Alfredsson, Gudmundur, "The Future of International Environmental Law" (2010), United Nations University Press
- Anton, Donald K, "Environmental Protection and Human Rights" (2011), Cambridge University Press
- Birnie, Patricia, "International Law and the Environment" (2002), Oxford Univ. Press
- Boyle, Alan, "Environmental Law Dimensions of Human Rights" (2015), Oxford Univ. Press
- Boyle, Alan, "The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law" (2007), Oxford University Press
- Churchill, Robin, "Human Rights Approaches to Environment Protection" (1998), Clarendon Press
- Desgagnẻ, Richard, "Integrating Environmental Values into the European Convention on Human Rights", American Journal of International Law, 89 (1995)
- Douglas-Scott, S, "Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection" (1998), Clarendon Press
- Dupuy, Pierre-Marie, "International Environmental Law" (2018), Cambridge University Press
- Hey, Ellen, "Advanced Introduction to International Environmental Law" (2016), ELgar
- Hey, Ellen, "Research Handbook on Human Rights and the Environment" (2015), Edward Elgar
- Linda Hajjar Leib, "Human Rights and the Environment: Philosophical, Theoretical and Legal Perspectives" (2011), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
- McGoldrick, Dominic, "Sustainable Development and Human Rights", International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 45 (1996)
- McInerney-Lankford, Siobhan, "Siobhan and Mac Darrow and Lavanya Rajamani, Human Rights and Climate Change : A Review of the International Legal Dimensions, World Bank Study" (2011), The World Bank
- Orellana, Marcos A, "The Human Rights-Based Approach: A Field of Action for Human Rights Education" (2012), Cifedhop
- Pallemaerts, Marc, "Human Rights and the Environment" (2002), Council of Europe Publishing
- Reis, Tarcísio Hardman, "Compensation for Environmental Damages under International Law" (2011), Kluwer Law International(Wolters Kluwer)
- Rich, Ronald, "The Right to Development as an Emerging Human Right", Virginia Journal of International Law, 23 (1982)
- Rodenhoff, Vera, "The Aarhus Convention and its Implications for the ‘Institutions’ of the European Community", Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 11(3) (2002)
- Shelton, Dinah, "What happened in Rio to Human Rights", Yearbook of International Environmental Law, 3 (1992)
- Stone, C. D, "Should Trees have Standing? Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects", South California Law Review, 45 (1971)
- Taylor, Prue, "An Ecological Approach to International Law" (1998), Routledge
- Taylor, Prudence E, "From Environmental to Ecological Human Rights: A New Dynamic in International Law", Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 10 (1998)
- Wilde, M, "Locus Standi in Environmental Torts and Potential Influence of Human Rights", Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 12(3) (2003)
- Analytical Study on the Relationship between Human Rights and the Environment, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, "UNHRC", ~, pp.UN Doc. A (2011), HRC[DOI]
- Report of the Special Rapporteur: Issue of Human Rights Obligations relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment, "UNHRC", ~, pp.A (2019), HRC[DOI]
- WCED, "Our Common Future" (1987)