기후 변화 관련 해외 소송 사례 및 시사점 - 배출권 거래제를 중심으로 -
Key Aspects and Implications of Climate Change Litigation in the European Union and the United States: With Focus on Emissions Trading Scheme
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배출권거래제에 관한 논의가 먼저 시작된 지역과 국가에서는 일찍부터 제도의 시행과 운영에 관한 다각도의 분쟁이 전개되어 왔다. 법제도가 완벽할 수는 없으므로 새로운 제도 시행 초기에 미완의 제도의 흠결이나 운영상 문제를 지적하는 분쟁이 빈발하는 현상은 충분히 예견 가능하고, 이러한 분쟁과정을 거쳐 법원의 법률 및 하위 법령 등의 해석을 통한 법형성을 거쳐 법적 불확실성이 제거되고 제도가 보완될 수 있는 효과도 있을 것이다. 그러나 한편, 분쟁이 제도의 신속한 정착을 지연시키고, 배출권 시장의 불안정성을 연장시키는 측면도 있다. 이에, 배출권거래제가 먼저 진행되고 있는 해외에서 발생한 분쟁의 주요 쟁점과 해결 양상 및 그러한 분쟁이 가져온 제도적 변화 등을 검토함으로써, 국내에 계속 중인 분쟁에서 논의되는 쟁점들의 바람직한 해결 방향과 향후 제도 운영 및 설계 방향에 대한 시사점을 모색할 필요가 있다. 사례의 검토는 (i) 배출권거래제를 비롯한 기후변화 대응 법제도 도입 여부의 합헌성, 타당성, 필요성 등 제도의 근간에 관한 분쟁, (ii) 배출권 할당량 또는 그 산정 과정의 적법성에 관한 분쟁, (iii) 제도 운영에 관한 기타 절차적 쟁점으로 배출권거래제의 역외적용에 관한 분쟁, 사인간의 민사적 분쟁, 배출권거래제 관련 형사 사건, 배출권 제출의무 미준수에 따른 과징금 부과 사건 등으로 구분하여 전개하고, 각 분쟁 사례가 온실가스 감축이라는 목표, 그 수단으로서의 배출권거래제의 방향과 운영 절차 등에 관하여 갖는 의의를 국내법 및 국제환경법적 시각에서 진단해 본다.
Abstract
There have been multifaceted disputes and controversies surrounding implementation and operation of the emissions trading scheme in countries and regions where a debate on the emissions trading scheme was initiated earlier. As a newly introduced legal system is hard to be perfect, disputes concerning such system’s defects or operational problems will often arise especially in the early stage. In the course of resolving the disputes, the court’s law-making through interpretation of statutes and subordinate administrative legislations will certainly generate some positive effects including elimination of legal uncertainties and improvement of the system. At the same time, however, frivolous disputes may delay early stabilization of the system and prolong uncertainties in the emissions trading market. In this regard, it is necessary to review major contentious issues raised and resolved in the course of disputes and any systematical changes made based on such disputes in other jurisdictions where the scheme went into effect earlier, to seek for the desirable ways to conclude pending disputes in Korea as well as their future implications regarding design and operation of the emissions trading scheme. In this paper, cases subject to review are classified into (i) disputes over the fundamentals of the system at issue, i.e. constitutionality, validity, and necessity of the system’s introduction, (ii) disputes over legality of allowances or their calculation process, (iii) disputes over other procedural issues regarding operation of the scheme, such as extraterritorial application of the scheme, civil disputes between private parties, criminal cases pertaining to the scheme, and administrative surcharge impositions due to a failure to comply with the obligation to under the emissions trading scheme. This paper will review implications of each dispute in terms of the emissions trading scheme’s goal of greenhouse gas reduction and the direction and operational process of the scheme as a means to achieve such goals, from a perspective of either domestic or international environmental law.
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