해양 메탄 하이드레이트에 관한 대한민국 환경법과 해양환경 보호법의 전향적 연구
A Prospective Review of South Korea’s Environmental And Marine Protection Laws Governing Offshore Methane Hydrate Activities
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초록
해양 메탄 하이드레이트 (이하 OMH) 라는 새로운 천연 자원을 논하려 한다. 한국의 기존 법률이 새로운 산업의 도래에 준비가 되었는지 살펴보고 이러한 법률이 한국의 해안 지역 사회와 해양 자원을 보호 할 수 있는지 알아보고자 한다. OMH 기술 개발에 대한 중국, 인도 및 일본의 투자 자본은 어떠한지 소개하고 어느 국가가 OMH 활동으로 인한 문제를 보다 잘 해결하기 위해 새로운 법률 정책을 개발하고 있는지 논의 하려한다. OMH는 메탄과 물로부터 형성되며 천연 가스와 담수의 원천이 될 수 있다. OMH 에서 얻을 수 있는 천연 가스의 양이 에너지 산업에 혁명을 일으키고 그로 인해 석유의 수요가 줄어들 것이기에 극적인 지정학적 변화를 가능하게 할 수 있다. 한국과 중국 및 일본 등의 이웃 국가가 에너지 수입국 에서 에너지 생산국으로 어떻게 전환 할 수 있는지 알아보고자 한다. OMH 활동에서 비롯될 수 있는 특정한 잠재적 사고와 가능한 여러 종류의 환경피해에 관해서도 살펴보려 하는데 첫째로는 기후변화를 야기하는 문제점과 해양의 질식 및 산화 그리고 어업종사자와 해안 지방에 끼칠 수 있는 일상적인 유해성 등을 들 수 있다. 두 번째로는 어떻게 OMH 상층부의 퇴적물이 심해저 에서 거대한 산사태와 잠재적으로는 인공의 쓰나미도 야기 할 수 있는지 하는 점이다. 최적설계이론과 OMH 규제 이론에 관한 기존의 국제법전을 개괄하며 나아가 한국의 19가지 법령을 심도 있게 고찰 하려한다. 그중에서 12가지는 적용이 가능하고 나머지 7가지 법령은 OMH를 운영하는 환경과 거기에서 비롯되는 사고에 적용될 수 없음을 설명하려 한다. 그러한 법령을 분석함으로써 위의 12가지의 적용 가능한 법령이 OMH 활동과 거기에서 발생 가능한 사고 등을 실제로 통제 하고 있으며 국제법전 상에서 권고하는 정책들과도 뜻을 같이 한다는 점을 발견할 수 있었다. 다만 법 규정들이 여러 법령에 걸쳐 산재해 있고 메탄 하이드레이트에 적용이 되는지, 된다면 어떻게 적용되는지 등이 명확하게 적시되어 있지는 않다. 따라서 본 논고에서는 기존의 법과 어떻게 연동할지에 초점을 맞춘 새로운 법령의 초안을 작성 하는 것이 가능한지 논하고자 하며 OMH 산업에서 야기되는 특수한 상황들과 사고 등이 어떻게 법적으로 다루어 질 수 있는가를 명백히 하고자 한다.
Abstract
hydrates (OMH); raising the question, are Korea’s existing laws ready for the arrival of this new industry, and will those laws be able to protect Korea’s coastal communities and marine resources. It discusses China’s, India’s, and Japan's capital funding of OMH technological development. The article will discus which states are developing new legal policies to better address the challenges presented by OMH activities. The article will then provide an introduction into the scientific details of OMH. It reviews how they are formed from methane and water, and thus, can be source of both natural gas and fresh potable water. It discusses the huge volumes discovered globally, that the volume of natural gas obtainable from OMH could revolutionize the energy industry and enable dramatic geopolitical changes as fossil fuels will no longer be in short supply. It discusses how Korea and its neighbors of China and Japan could transform from energy importing countries to energy producing countries. Then the article will discuss the unique potential accidents from OMH activities and how different types of environmental injuries could result. First, non-cataclysmic accidents are discussed, focusing on the harms to climate change, to ocean asphyxiation and acidification, and to general nuisance issues for fishermen and coastal communities. Second, the cataclysmic accidents are discussed, how accidents with the muddy layers above the OMH deposits could lead to gigantic subsea landslides and potentially even tsunami. Man-made tsunami. The details of the potentially resultant environmental injuries from cataclysmic accidents will be covered. Findings from the existing international legal literature on both optimal design theory and OMH regulatory theory are presented. Then a very in-depth review was taken of nineteen Korean enactments. A dozen will be shown to be applicable, while seven are found to be not applicable to the facts and circumstances of OMH operations and accidents. What was discovered by analyzing these enactments, is that the dozen applicable laws do govern OMH activities and accidents and that they basically aligned with the policy recommendations from the international legal literature. But the rules were scattered across many enactments and not always clearly set out how or if they would apply to methane hydrates. This article found that it would be best if a new enactment could be drafted to highlight how to coordinate the pre-existing laws and to clarify on how specific novel details of the OMH industry and its accidents are to be handled legally.
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