Nationality, Marxism, and the Intelligentsia: New Works by St. Petersburg Historians on St. Petersburg Intellectuals of the Early Twentieth Century
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During Soviet Times, academic historians were obliged to focus exclusively on the grand forces of history, so that few biographies of Russian intellectual figures were authored. Over the past several years, the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction: Russian historians have increasingly concentrated on intellectual biography. This article surveys intellectual biographies recently offered by several leading St. Petersburg historians. Each one of these books highlights a St. Petersburg, anti-Bolshevik intellectual, who, although famous in his own time, is largely forgotten today. This topic is important because Fin-de-Siècle St. Petersburg became an intellectual cauldron, a new Athens. It was in many ways the first “post-modern city.” Its peculiar brand of modernity went on to shape our world. Unfortunately, the works reviewed here have not been widely circulated; they are available only within Russia or at major research libraries. As a consequence, they have received few reviews. In recent years, St. Petersburg historians have created a unique portrait of Russian intellectual history which is distinct from the approach favored by western scholars. Firstly, they have focused their efforts on archival research, often upplemented by the reminiscences of relatives and direct acquaintances. As opposed to their illustrious heirs, Kliuchevsky and Pokrovsky, today’s historians of St. Petersburg refuse to draw grand schemes. Secondly, by rejecting crude caricatures of “Russian” thought, they are able to better confront issues of nationality and modernity. As the works reviewed in this article well show, intellectuals in the Empire’s capital struggled with the concept of “oriental.” Out of heterogeneous cultural traditions, they strove to forge Jewish, krainian, and Belorussian identities in the context of—but distinct from—a “Russian” Empire.
Abstract
During Soviet Times, academic historians were obliged to focus exclusively on the grand forces of history, so that few biographies of Russian intellectual figures were authored. Over the past several years, the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction: Russian historians have increasingly concentrated on intellectual biography. This article surveys intellectual biographies recently offered by several leading St. Petersburg historians. Each one of these books highlights a St. Petersburg, anti-Bolshevik intellectual, who, although famous in his own time, is largely forgotten today. This topic is important because Fin-de-Siècle St. Petersburg became an intellectual cauldron, a new Athens. It was in many ways the first “post-modern city.” Its peculiar brand of modernity went on to shape our world. Unfortunately, the works reviewed here have not been widely circulated; they are available only within Russia or at major research libraries. As a consequence, they have received few reviews. In recent years, St. Petersburg historians have created a unique portrait of Russian intellectual history which is distinct from the approach favored by western scholars. Firstly, they have focused their efforts on archival research, often upplemented by the reminiscences of relatives and direct acquaintances. As opposed to their illustrious heirs, Kliuchevsky and Pokrovsky, today’s historians of St. Petersburg refuse to draw grand schemes. Secondly, by rejecting crude caricatures of “Russian” thought, they are able to better confront issues of nationality and modernity. As the works reviewed in this article well show, intellectuals in the Empire’s capital struggled with the concept of “oriental.” Out of heterogeneous cultural traditions, they strove to forge Jewish, krainian, and Belorussian identities in the context of—but distinct from—a “Russian” Empire.
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