Russia: History and Political Culture
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One of the most typical features of Russia’s traditional and contemporary culture is the issue of unresolved identity in recent times. In this sense Russia is not unique, but what is quite peculiar is the way this issue is articulated in Russian cultural tradition. The entire Russian history, including the history of culture, can be presented as a cyclical movement between the two extremes of the human universe – West and East. If the initial stage of the formation of the Russian state (Kiev Rus), without a doubt, was the result of the impact of the European civilization during the forthcoming periods of Russian history, as the country was under numerous influences which were the result of the “wind from the East.” The two sources of “orientalization” of Russian culture, and political culture in particular, were the incorporation into the Mongol Empire in the 13th century and inheritance of the Byzantine tradition in the 15th century. The first attempt to resolve the contradiction between Western and Eastern sources of Russian cultural tradition was the concept of Moscow as the “Third Rome,” which was destined to unify the fragmented universe on the foundation of the values of the Orthodoxy. Hence, the sprouts of the Russian “messianic idea” came into being. The efforts to “Westernize” Russia during the two centuries of existence of the Russian Empire, and seven decades of the Soviet Empire, failed to resolve the issue of identity, but strengthened the collision between Western-oriented culture and Eastern-type political culture. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union the issue of identity resurfaced again and nowadays constitutes one of the most debatable problems, both among the political elites, and the common folk.
Abstract
One of the most typical features of Russia’s traditional and contemporary culture is the issue of unresolved identity in recent times. In this sense Russia is not unique, but what is quite peculiar is the way this issue is articulated in Russian cultural tradition. The entire Russian history, including the history of culture, can be presented as a cyclical movement between the two extremes of the human universe – West and East. If the initial stage of the formation of the Russian state (Kiev Rus), without a doubt, was the result of the impact of the European civilization during the forthcoming periods of Russian history, as the country was under numerous influences which were the result of the “wind from the East.” The two sources of “orientalization” of Russian culture, and political culture in particular, were the incorporation into the Mongol Empire in the 13th century and inheritance of the Byzantine tradition in the 15th century. The first attempt to resolve the contradiction between Western and Eastern sources of Russian cultural tradition was the concept of Moscow as the “Third Rome,” which was destined to unify the fragmented universe on the foundation of the values of the Orthodoxy. Hence, the sprouts of the Russian “messianic idea” came into being. The efforts to “Westernize” Russia during the two centuries of existence of the Russian Empire, and seven decades of the Soviet Empire, failed to resolve the issue of identity, but strengthened the collision between Western-oriented culture and Eastern-type political culture. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union the issue of identity resurfaced again and nowadays constitutes one of the most debatable problems, both among the political elites, and the common folk.
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