셰일가스 개발과 환경규제 –미국을 중심으로-
Shale Gas Development and Environmental Regulation - Focused on the Regulations of the U.S.A. -
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최근 미국을 중심으로 하는 비전통자원의 개발은 세계 에너지 시장의 새로운 흐름을 형성하고 있으며, 셰일가스(Shale Gas)를 중심으로 ‘셰일가스 혁명’이라는 표현까지 나타나고 있다. 즉, 셰일가스가 새로운 에너지 시대를 열고 있는 것이다. 특히 일본의 후쿠시마 원자력 발전소 사고 이후에 원자력에 대한 위험성이 고조되면서 원자력 발전에 대한 대안으로 그리고 이산화탄소의 배출을 최소화하는 발전원으로 천연가스의 중요성이 한층 부각되고 있다. 이런 비전통자원의 개발은 2000년대 후반 급격한 유가 상승으로 인해 비전통자원 개발의 사업성이 확보된 것은 물론, 수평굴착(Horizontal Drilling)과 수압파쇄(Hydraulic Fracturing)라는 기술의 발달로 인해 비전통자원의 개발이 촉진되어 왔다. 유전에 대한 통상의 관념은 유전의 자체 압력에 의해 분출해 오르는 분출유정(Gusher Well)에 관한 것이다. 하지만, 석유·가스가 비전통자원의 형태로 암석층에 존재하는 경우, 암석층 내에서 석유·가스의 이동이 어렵기 때문에 기존의 분출유정에 적용되던 생산방식을 이용할 수 없다. 따라서 전통적인 분출유정과는 다른 암석층에 갇혀 있는 석유·가스의 개발방식이 새롭게 개발되어야 했던 것이다. 그 대표적인 기술이 수압파쇄이며, 수압파쇄는 비전통 치밀 혈암(셰일, hale)층에서의 개발을 높이기 위한 기술로 주로 고압의 물을 이용한 개발방식이다. 이러한 새로운 개념의 수압파쇄에 의한 석유·가스의 개발은 기존 석유·가스 관련 법률·제도 및 계약에 변화를 가져오게 되었으며, 또한 수압파쇄 과정에서 사용되는 화학물질, 사용된 물의 처리 등에 관한 환경문제가 주된 쟁점으로 부각되고 있다. 우리나라도 셰일가스의 개발에 적극 참여하는 정책을 수립하고 있으며, 이 과정에서 환경문제를 소홀히 다룬다면 생각하지 못했던 심각한 저항 또는 어려움에 처할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 수압파쇄의 개괄적 내용, 수압파쇄 과정에서 발생하는 환경문제 및 이에 대한 미국 연방정부 및 대표적인 주정부의 규제에 대해 살펴본다.
Abstract
Unconventional resources mean that oil and gas which are regarded as anykind of unconventional resources cannot be developed with conventionaltechnologies because of those unique tectonic system and form of reservoir areas. Unconventional resources are widely distributed at large fields, while conventional resources are concentrated in a specific geological reservoir. The boom of unconventional resources development in the U.S.A. forms anew trend in the world energy market. This trend can be represented with the word “Shale Gas Revolution”. In other words, shale gas is driving a new phase of energy. Especially, after Fukushima Accident, happened on 11 March 2011, whichcaused the negative public perception on nuclear power plant, the importance of natural gas which has positive factor of emitting law carbon as an alternative to nuclear power has been highlighted. Oil price upheaval in the late 2000s and technological upgrade on horizontaldrilling and hydraulic fracturing for unconventional development changeddramatically the situation in economic feasibility. In the case of unconventional resources, it is hard to produce oil and gas by natural pressure of the reservoir, called “gusher well”’ which has been recognized as the way to develop conventional resources. However, because unconventional resources are trapped in the shale rocks, new technologies such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing are critical for the development of those. Even hydraulic fracturing is revolutionary in shale development, it hasenvironmentally negative facet. This technology uses huge amount of water,chemical materials. In response to this environmental problems, many regulations has beenaddressed in international and national society, mainly in the U.S.A. In this article, what is hydraulic fracturing, environmental issues arising hydraulic fracturing, and the regulations in federal and state government of the U.S.A. are discussed.
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