중국의 법치 논쟁과 정치개혁
China's Debates on Rule of Law and Political Reform
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초록
이 논문은 개혁기 중국에서 전개된 법치(法治) 논쟁을 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 법치 논쟁의 시기별 전개과정과 쟁점을 분석하고, 중국 법치 논쟁의 한계와 문제점을 검토한다. 또한 중국의 법치와 민주화 간의 관련성을 분석한다. 먼저 1997년 제15차 당대회에서 결정된 ‘의법치국(依法治國: 법에 의한 통치)’ 방침은 지난 20년의 논쟁을 거쳐, 법치론(法治論)이 인치론(人治論)과 법제론(法制論)을 극복함으로써 등장할 수 있었다. 한편 법치 논쟁은 성과와 함께 도구주의 법률관의 지속, 인치론의 지속적인 영향, 공산당 지상주의 유지라는 한계도 보여주었다. 마지막으로 법치는 중국의 민주화 이전에 추진될 수 있지만, 민주화를 대신할 수는 없다.
Abstract
This article analyzes the debates on rule of law in China in the reform era. To this end, it investigates the evolution of rule of law debates, main issues and arguments, achievements and limits of the debates, and the relations between rule of law and political reform. First, 'governing the state according to law' could be decided as an official party policy in 1997 chiefly because theory of rule of law had overcome both the theories of rule of man and legal system. However, the debates also illustrate serious limits of rule of law in China, such as instrumentalist view of law, strong influence of rule of man, and supremacy of the Party, not of law. Finally, rule of law in China can be partially realized prior to political democratization, but it cannot displace democratization.
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